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9 protocols using d7 glucose

1

Deuterated Glucose Cell Culture Media

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Deuterated glucose RPMI 1640 medium was made by supplying 11.1 mM d7-glucose (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, DLM-2062–1) into glucose deficient RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, 11879020). The solution was then added 10% FBS and 0.2% MycoZap Plus-CL antibiotics. Cultured melanoma cells were seeded onto an imaging dish to optimal confluency. Deuterated glucose DMEM was made by supplying 25 mM d7-glucose (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, DLM-2062–1) into glucose deficient DMEM (Gibco). The solution was then added 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin.
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2

Deuterated Nutrient Labeling for Metabolic Imaging

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Deuterated glucose RPMI 1640 medium was made by supplying d7-glucose (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, DLM-2062-1) into glucose deficient RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, 11879020), then completed with 10% fetal bovine serum (Omega, FB-12), and 0.2% MycoZap Plus-CL antibiotics (Lonza, VZA-2011). d31-Palmitic acid (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, DLM-215), d35-stearic acid (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, DLM-379), and d33-oleic acid (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, DLM-1891) were coupled to bovine serum albumin (Sigma, A9418) in 2:1 molar ratio and added to RPMI 1640 complete medium to designated concentration. The resulting solutions was sterile filtered by 0.22 µm low protein binding filter system. Cultured melanoma cells were seeded onto an imaging dish to optimal confluency. The cells were then grown in the corresponding deuterated medium (e.g., 11.1 mM d-glucose used in Fig. 2f, 50 µM d31-palmitic acid and d35-stearic acid used in Supplementary Fig. 9ac) for 3 days before fixation and imaging.
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3

Glucose Cycling and Uptake Dynamics in Pancreatic Islets

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Glucose cycling was analyzed as previously described (Wall et al. 2015 (link)). Briefly, aliquots of ~100 islets were incubated for 24 or 72 hr at 28°C in RPMI-1640 medium containing 5 mM or 11 mM glucose in a volume of 175 μl. Islets were incubated in either naturally labeled glucose or [1,2,3,4,5,6,6-2H7]glucose (D7-glucose) (98% isotopic purity per site; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Andover, MA). Following the 24 or 72 hr incubation, islets were resuspended by pipetting and pelleted by centrifugation. The supernatant was retained for GC-MS analysis of glucose concentration and mass isotopomer distribution, with glucose concentration determined through comparison to a standard curve. Glucose cycling and glucose uptake rates were calculated as described previously (Wall et al. 2015 (link)).
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4

Glucose Isotope Labeling in Islet Cells

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Islets were isolated from adult (8–12 months of age) male wild-type (WT) and G6pc2 KO mice, as previously described (26 (link)). Isolated islets were incubated overnight in petri dishes in RPMI 1640 medium containing 11 mmol/L glucose. Aliquots of ∼100 islets were then transferred to 96-well plates and incubated for 24 or 72 h in RPMI 1640 medium containing 5 or 11 mmol/L glucose in a volume of 175 μL. Islets were incubated in either naturally labeled glucose or [1,2,3,4,5,6,6-2H7]glucose (D7-glucose) (98% isotopic purity per site; Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA). After the 24 or 72 h of incubation, islets were resuspended by pipetting and were pelleted by centrifugation. The supernatant was retained for the analysis of insulin content and glucose isotopomers, whereas the cell pellet was washed in PBS and then solubilized in passive lysis buffer (Promega) before quantitation of protein content using the Bio-Rad colorimetric protein assay.
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Isotope Standards for Analytical Methods

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Authentic standards of d7-glucose, d3-leucine, d8-phenylalanine and d5-tryptophan were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). D5-hippuric acid, d5-indole acetic acid and d9-progesterone were procured from C/D/N Isotopes, Inc. (Pointe-Claire, Quebec). Bromophenylalanine was provided by Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO) and amitriptyline was from MP Biomedicals, LLC. (Aurora, OH). Recovery standards of DL-2-fluorophenylglycine and DL-4-chlorophenylalanine were from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI). Tridecanoic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and d6-cholesterol was from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). Standards for the HILIC dilution series of alpha-ketoglutarate, ATP, malic acid, NADH and oxaloacetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO) while succinic acid, pyruvic acid and NAD+ were purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC. (Santa Ana, CA).
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6

Isotope Standards for Analytical Methods

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Authentic standards of d7-glucose, d3-leucine, d8-phenylalanine and d5-tryptophan were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). D5-hippuric acid, d5-indole acetic acid and d9-progesterone were procured from C/D/N Isotopes, Inc. (Pointe-Claire, Quebec). Bromophenylalanine was provided by Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO) and amitriptyline was from MP Biomedicals, LLC. (Aurora, OH). Recovery standards of DL-2-fluorophenylglycine and DL-4-chlorophenylalanine were from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI). Tridecanoic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and d6-cholesterol was from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). Standards for the HILIC dilution series of alpha-ketoglutarate, ATP, malic acid, NADH and oxaloacetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO) while succinic acid, pyruvic acid and NAD+ were purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC. (Santa Ana, CA).
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7

Isotope Standards for Analytical Methods

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Authentic standards of d7-glucose, d3-leucine, d8-phenylalanine and d5-tryptophan were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). D5-hippuric acid, d5-indole acetic acid and d9-progesterone were procured from C/D/N Isotopes, Inc. (Pointe-Claire, Quebec). Bromophenylalanine was provided by Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO) and amitriptyline was from MP Biomedicals, LLC. (Aurora, OH). Recovery standards of DL-2-fluorophenylglycine and DL-4-chlorophenylalanine were from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, WI). Tridecanoic acid was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and d6-cholesterol was from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA). Standards for the HILIC dilution series of alpha-ketoglutarate, ATP, malic acid, NADH and oxaloacetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis, MO) while succinic acid, pyruvic acid and NAD+ were purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC. (Santa Ana, CA).
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8

Lipid Metabolism Modulation Protocol

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FBS was purchased from Life Technologies. Delipidized serum was purchased from Gemini Bio. CAY10566, BMS309403, sulfosuccinimidyl oleate, lipofermata, and etomoxir were purchased from Cayman Chemical. SC26196 was purchased from Santa Cruz. Avasimibe was purchased from Selleckchem. Glucose-D7, palmitic acid-D31, and oleic acid-D34 were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. Palmitate, palmitoleate, oleate, cholesteryl oleate, and glyceryl trioleate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sapienate was purchased from Matreya. Octadecenoate (8(Z)-octadecenoic acid) was purchased from Larodan.
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9

Isotope-Labeled Metabolite Assay

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Glucose-d7, glutamine-d5 and palmitic acid-d31 were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor C75 was purchased from Cayman Chemical. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) was purchased from Sigma (Cat# D8375). High glucose (4.5 g/ml), glucose free and glucose, glutamine free DMEM medium, RPMI 1640, Keratinocyte Serum Free Medium (K-SFM) with additives bovine pituitary extract (BPE) and human recombinant epidermal growth factor (rEGF) were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies. F-12K medium was purchased from ATCC. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Sigma.
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