Body weight was measured to the nearest 100 g using a Seca weighing scale (Seca weighing scale: Seca gmbh and co.kg; 22,089 Hamburg, Germany; Model: 8741321009; designed in Germany-made in China). Height measurement was by the use of United Nations Children Emergency Fund height board. The values were recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. We calculated BMI as weight (in kilograms) divided by the height (in meters squared). BMI ≤24.9 kg/m2 was considered absence of general overweight and obesity. BMI values of 25–29.9 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, defined overweight and general obesity, respectively [37 ]. The WC was measured based on World Health Organization guidelines thus, at the mid-point between the lower border of the rib cage and the iliac crest using a non-stretchable fiber-glass measuring tape. All WC values were recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. Participants were dichotomized based on WC value [(normal: WC < 80 cm and abdominal obesity: WC ≥ 80 (cm)] [38 ]. We calculated WHtR by dividing WC (cm) by the measured height (cm). WHtR ≥0.5 was adopted for the presence of overweight and abdominal obesity for the purpose of uniformity regarding age differences whereas, WHtR ≤0.5 considered absence of overweight and abdominal obesity [39 (link)].
Weighing scale
Manufactured by Seca
Sourced in Germany, United Kingdom
The Seca weighing scale is a precision instrument designed to measure an individual's weight. It provides accurate and reliable measurements, making it a suitable tool for various applications that require precise weight data.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Stadiometer, by Seca (9 mentions)
Leicester height measure, by Seca (2 mentions)
Jamar hydraulic hand held dynamometer, by Performance Health (1 mentions)
Hem 7200, by Omron (1 mentions)
Anthropometer, by Seca (1 mentions)
Hem 907, by Omron (1 mentions)
Stadiometer model 213, by Seca (1 mentions)
Cobas 6000, by Roche (1 mentions)
36 protocols using weighing scale
1
Anthropometric Measurements and Obesity Assessment
2
Maternal Demographic and Anthropometric Factors
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Demographic information collected at the baseline visit included maternal age, ethnicity, parity, and current smoking status via self-report and electronic medical records. Highest level of educational attainment was assessed through a questionnaire. Economic advantage was assessed using the Pobal Haase-Pratschke (HP Pobal) Deprivation Index 29, 30 . Participants were classified as economically advantaged based on a score greater than zero. Baseline weight was measured to the nearest 0.1kg with the mother in light clothing, using a SECA weighing scales (SECA gmbh & co. kg. Hamburg, Germany). Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm, using a wall mounted stadiometer, after removal of footwear. These values were used to calculate maternal body mass index (BMI). The trial steering committee met monthly and reviewed study activities.
3
Comprehensive HIV Care Protocol
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A nurse-administered questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data, clinical history including age at HIV diagnosis and ART initiation, ART regimen, history of menarche and voice breaking. Where possible, clinical history was confirmed with documentation within patient hand-held medical records. A standardized examination was performed including WHO staging of HIV infection and measurement of height and weight using SECA® height board and electronic SECA® weighing scales (Seca United Kingdom, Birmingham, England) and Tanner pubertal stage using standardized protocols and calibrated equipment. Hand grip strength in kilograms was measured using a Jamar hydraulic hand-held dynamometer (Patterson Medical, UK). Participants were seated with the shoulder at 0° to 10°, the elbow at 90° of flexion and the forearm positioned neutrally [17 ]. Three measurements were taken from each hand in alternation by trained staff, and the highest measurement from the six taken was used in analyses. Age and CD4 count at diagnosis were collected from hand held medical records and based on guardian report if no record was available.
4
Baseline Patient Demographic and Health Data
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Demographic, lifestyle, medical, and ophthalmic data were captured at baseline for all patients. Body mass index was calculated from height (in meters) and weight (in kilogram) measurements recorded using the Leicester Height Measure and SECA weighing scales (SECA, Birmingham, UK), respectively. Smoking status was categorized into current smoker (i.e., smoked ≥100 cigarettes in lifetime and ≥1 cigarette in the last 12 months), ex-smoker (smoked ≥100 cigarettes in lifetime and none in the last 12 months) and never smoker (never smoked or smoked ≤100 cigarettes in lifetime).
5
Resistance Training Load Quantification
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Training load was determined for the resistance exercises within the training programme over two sessions which were separated by 48-96 hours. Session one consisted of a 1RM HBD and session two comprised of a 3RM RDL and SSBulg. Following the same standardised warm-up, established procedures for RM assessment were adhered to. 30 Briefly, participants performed RM attempts with progressively increased loads. The attempt was only accepted if the exercise was completed with correct technique.
Participants were allowed 2-4 minutes recovery between each attempt and were permitted a maximum of five attempts to derive the corresponding RM. Predicted 1RM scores for RDL and SSBulg were calculated using the training load chart. 31 For VRCT, the variable resistance from the latex bands was determined following previously established methods. 18, 19 (link) Briefly, participants stood on Seca weighing scales with the bar and mass recorded. The bands (Pullum Sports, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire) were secured to the bar and participants stood at the end range for each exercise and mass was recorded. Band tension was defined as the difference between these two measures. This process was repeated with bands of various tension until the accommodating resistance reached 23% 1RM at end range for each exercise.
Participants were allowed 2-4 minutes recovery between each attempt and were permitted a maximum of five attempts to derive the corresponding RM. Predicted 1RM scores for RDL and SSBulg were calculated using the training load chart. 31 For VRCT, the variable resistance from the latex bands was determined following previously established methods. 18, 19 (link) Briefly, participants stood on Seca weighing scales with the bar and mass recorded. The bands (Pullum Sports, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire) were secured to the bar and participants stood at the end range for each exercise and mass was recorded. Band tension was defined as the difference between these two measures. This process was repeated with bands of various tension until the accommodating resistance reached 23% 1RM at end range for each exercise.
6
Determining Training Load and Variable Resistance
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Training load was determined for the resistance exercises within the training programme over two sessions which were separated by 48-96 hours. Session one consisted of a 1RM HBD and session two comprised of a 3RM RDL and SSBulg. Following the same standardised warm-up, established procedures for RM assessment were adhered to. 23 Predicted 1RM scores for RDL and SSBulg were calculated using the training load chart. 29 For VRCT, the variable resistance from the latex bands was determined following previously established methods. 14, 16 (link) Briefly, participants stood on Seca weighing scales with the bar and mass was recorded. The bands (Pullum Sports, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire) were secured to the bar and participants stood at the end range for each exercise and mass was recorded. Band tension was defined as the difference between these two measures. This process was repeated with bands of various tension until the variable resistance reached 23% 1RM at end range for each exercise.
7
Longitudinal Pregnancy Surveillance and Infant Anthropometrics
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A pregnancy surveillance system was established in study areas to screen and enrol women who met the eligibility criteria. Village Health Teams (VHTs) visited women of reproductive age in study areas at home every 3 months. A urine test was used to confirm pregnancy and women's eligibility for the study. Study research assistants visited consenting women at home every 3 months from the time of enrolment until their offspring were 12 months old. A dietary recall was administered to pregnant women at the first prenatal visit (see below).
Anthropometric measurements for infants were made at birth (+3 weeks), 3‐, 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐month postpartum scheduled visits by trained project staff. Length measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 cm using length boards, and weight measures were made to the nearest 100 g using digital Seca weighing scales. Weight and length measures for infants were made in triplicate, and mean measures were used in this analysis.
Anthropometric measurements for infants were made at birth (+3 weeks), 3‐, 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐month postpartum scheduled visits by trained project staff. Length measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 cm using length boards, and weight measures were made to the nearest 100 g using digital Seca weighing scales. Weight and length measures for infants were made in triplicate, and mean measures were used in this analysis.
8
Comprehensive Subject Characterization
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A demographic, medical, ophthalmic, and lifestyle case history was obtained for each subject at baseline. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m 2 ) with subject height (m) measured with the Leicester Height Measure, and weight (kg) measured with the SECA weighing scales (SECA, Birmingham, UK). Smoking status was classed as either current smoker (i.e., smoked ≥100 cigarettes in lifetime and at least one cigarette within the last 12 months) or non-smoker (everybody else). Exercise was assessed by calculating the total exercise for any sporting activity measured as minutes per week. Diabetes was assessed by self-report and also by measuring HbA1c in blood (analysis conducted offsite at Biomnis Ireland, Three Rock Road, Sandyford Business Estate, Dublin 18, Ireland).
9
Maternal Nutrition, Glucose, and Wellbeing
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At the first antenatal consultation, participants were weighed in light clothing using a SECA weighing scales (SECA GmbH & Co. Kg. Germany) to the nearest 0.1 kg and height was measured without shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall-mounted stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) was calculated.
Food and beverages consumed over three consecutive days were recorded by participants during each trimester using 3-day food diaries. For this study, we analysed the early-pregnancy food diaries only. Dietary data from food diaries were analysed using NetWISP version 3.0 (Tinuviel Software, Llanfechell, Anglesey, UK). Participants also completed a questionnaire about use of dietary supplements. Information about the quantity of vitamin D within supplements was not collected. Emotional well-being was examined using the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) [36 ]. Physical activity, smoking and educational attainment were also self-reported.
Fasting serum blood samples were collected at the first antenatal visit (early pregnancy) and at the 28-week gestation visit (late pregnancy) for the measurement of insulin and 25OHD. Fasting blood glucose was measured at both time points, and a glucose challenge test (1-h post a 50-g glucose load) was performed at 28 weeks’ gestation.
Food and beverages consumed over three consecutive days were recorded by participants during each trimester using 3-day food diaries. For this study, we analysed the early-pregnancy food diaries only. Dietary data from food diaries were analysed using NetWISP version 3.0 (Tinuviel Software, Llanfechell, Anglesey, UK). Participants also completed a questionnaire about use of dietary supplements. Information about the quantity of vitamin D within supplements was not collected. Emotional well-being was examined using the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) [36 ]. Physical activity, smoking and educational attainment were also self-reported.
Fasting serum blood samples were collected at the first antenatal visit (early pregnancy) and at the 28-week gestation visit (late pregnancy) for the measurement of insulin and 25OHD. Fasting blood glucose was measured at both time points, and a glucose challenge test (1-h post a 50-g glucose load) was performed at 28 weeks’ gestation.
10
Anthropometric Measurements Protocol
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Height (cm) was recorded using a stadiometer (Seca 213 stadiometer, GMBH, Hamburg, Germany), and body mass (kg) was recorded using Seca weighing scales (Seca GMBH & Co. kg., Hamburg, Germany, Model: 899 7021094).
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