Edaravone

Fluvastatin (Wako, Osaka, Japan) and pravastatin (LKT Laboratories Inc., St. Paul, MN) were diluted in distilled water (Milli-Q, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) with the concentration ranged from 10 µM to 10 mM, and applied to radical production system described below. 5-(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-propoxycyclophosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (CYPMPO) was purchased from Radical Research Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Hypoxanthine, xanthine oxidase, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). N-methyl-3-(1-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino)-1-propanamine (NOC7) and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO) were purchased from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan). Hydrogen peroxide was purchased from Wako. Other reagents used were of the highest quality commercially available. We used edaravone (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan) as a positive control for the scavenging effects on free radicals except for superoxide anion.^{(14 (link),15 (link))} Superoxide dismutase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was used as a positive control for the scavenging effects on superoxide anion. All the reagents were freshly prepared at time of use to avoid destabilization, degradation or denaturation of the chemicals due to long-term storage.^{(14 (link),15 (link))}