3-mercaptophenylboronic acid (3-MPBA) (≥95%), 3-hydroxythiophenol (3-HTP) (≥96%), D-(+)-glucose (≥99.5% GC grade), D-(−)-fructose (≥99%), L-glutamine (≥99%), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (≥99%) and sodium hypochlorite (5% w/w) are purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. D-(+)-galactose (≥98%), D-(+)-mannose (≥99%), urea (≥99%), sodium bromide (≥99%), sodium nitroprusside (≥98%), hydrogen peroxide (35% w/w), tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) (70% w/w), calcium sulfate dehydrate (≥98%) and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (≥98%) are purchased from Alfa Aesar. D-(+)-sucrose (≥99%), creatinine (≥99%) is purchased from TCI. Glucose oxidase from aspergillus and sodium chloride (≥99%) are purchased from VWR. Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (≥99%) is purchased from JT Baker. Magnesium sulfate (≥98%) is purchased from EMD Millipore. Potassium chloride (≥99%) is purchased from Acros Organics. Ultrapure water is obtained from a Millipore water system. Citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (60 nm, 5.2×10−11 M) are purchased from Nanopartz. Normal human serum is purchased from UTAK Laboratories. Artificial urine is made from 55 mM sodium chloride, 67 mM Potassium chloride, 2.6 mM calcium sulfate, 29.6 mM sodium sulfate, 3.2 mM Magnesium sulfate, 19.8 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 9.8 mM creatinine and 310 mM urea.
D galactose
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
D-galactose is a monosaccharide, a type of simple sugar. It is a common component in various biological molecules and is often used in laboratory settings for research and analytical purposes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
D glucose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
D glucose, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
D fructose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
D fructose, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium pyruvate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Urea, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium bromide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
D mannose, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium hypochlorite, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
L glutamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate pma, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Magnesium sulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Carl Roth (1 mentions)
2 2 azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (abts), by Roche (1 mentions)
D mannose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Facsort cytometer, by BD (1 mentions)
13 protocols using d galactose
1
Synthesis and Analysis of Glucose Derivatives
2
Enzymatic Decarboxylation of Biomass Derivatives
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Horseradish peroxidase was purchased from PanReac AppliChem ITW Reagents (Germany). DFF and FDCA were purchased from TCI Chemicals (Japan). ABTS (2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)) was purchased from Roche (Germany). D‐Galactose (≥98 %) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (United States). Hydrogen peroxide was purchased from Roth (Germany). A liquid preparation of CalB was generously received from c‐LEcta (Germany). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Germany) or VWR (Germany) and used as received.
3
Hemocyanin Binding on Macrophages
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J774.2 cells (2,5–5 × 105), seeded in 24-well plates, were incubated with DMA (Sigma) (200 μg/ml) in serum-free culture medium for 30 min at 37 °C. Next, the cells were incubated with native or N-deglycosylated hemocyanins conjugated to Alexa Fluor-488 (50 μg/ml) for 1 h at 37 °C. For inhibition assays, cells were previously incubated with d -(+)-mannose (Sigma) or d -(+)-galactose (Alfa Aesar) (100 mm ) and then incubated with hemocyanins as described above. Subsequently, the cells were incubated with an eFluor 780 viability probe (Thermo Fisher Scientific) (1:1,000) for 30 min at 4 °C. Cells were fixed with 2% PBS/PFA, and data were acquired in a BD FACSort cytometer from the Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile and subsequently processed using FlowJo 6.0 software.
4
Catalytic Oxidation of Carbohydrates
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Oxygen gas (4.5) was obtained from Linde Gas, The Netherlands. Granular Au/TiO2 was obtained from Strem (gold on titania, Aurolite™ 1.2 wt% Au/TiO2, AuTEK). The BET surface area of this catalyst is 47 m2 g−1, with an average Au-particle size of 2.5 nm (determined by TEM and STEM).25 (link) The reported Au-loading of 1.1–1.2 wt% was confirmed by ICP measurements.25,26 (link) XRD measurements showed that the titania support is of the mixed anatase/rutile-type. The pH of our reaction mixtures is acidic in nature (pH 1.5–2 after reaction), and therefore below the points of zero charge of both rutile and anatase.27 (link) As a result the support will be positively charged under the applied reaction conditions. Previously investigations showed that the TiO2-support itself is not active in the conversion of the substrates.25,28 (link) This granular Au/TiO2-catalyst was gently crushed and sieved to obtain an equal particle size of 0.5–0.65 mm for experiments in plug flow set-up. Silicon carbide (powder, medium, 120 grit, Alfa Aesar) was used as additional inert filler for the packed bed plug flow reactor. The following carbohydrate substrates were used as received: alpha-d -glucose (96%, Sigma Aldrich), d -(+)-galactose (99+%, Acros), d -glucuronic acid (>96.0%, TCI), d -galacturonic acid monohydrate (gift from Royal Cosun).
5
Profiling E. coli Growth on Carbon Sources
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Fresh colonies of E. coli MG1655 were transferred to 1 mL LB broth media and grown for 8 h at 37 °C in an incubator shaker. After 8 h, 5 µL of grown cultures were transferred to 96 well plates (Costar) containing 195 µL of 0.1% glycerol M9 media supplemented with 5, 10, and 20 mM of carbon sources: D-galactose (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), D-Glucose (Acros Organics), D-maltose (Acros Organics), D-Trehalose (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), Oleic acid (Fisher Scientific) and D-Fructose (Acros Organics). Cell density (OD600) was measured every 15 min using a plate reader (BioTek HTX) at 37 °C for 24 h. The maximum growth rate (µmax) was calculated using the custom program in MATLABTM. A total of 500 mM of a stock solution of Oleic acid was prepared using water, Brij35 (Sigma, Burlington, MA, USA) and ethanol, while 500 mM of the stock solutions of the other five carbon sources was prepared in water. The stock solutions were filter sterilized using 0.22 µm PVDF filters (Olympus plastics).
6
Glycation of Porcine Aortic Tissue
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Porcine aortas was obtained at a local traditional market. Artery sections with length of 20~30 mm were used. Tissue sections were washed in 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and soaked in 1% povidone-iodine solution for 10 seconds and washed in sterilized PBS solution. Outer surface and two sections of each sterilized aorta were sprayed with polytetrafluoroethylene, then aorta would be soaked in 25 mL glycated solution.
Monosaccharides used were glucose, galactose and fructose. Specifically, we used D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), D-galactose (Acros Organics, Fair Lawn, NJ) and D-fructose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Glycated solutions were 0.5 M sugar solutions in 0.05 M PBS solution and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/mL, Gibco, CA). Tissue sections were kept in 37 ℃ incubator and the glycated solution was replaced each 4 days. All tissues were incubated under the above conditions for different periods. Tissues were removed from sugar solutions and cut into sections 2.0 mm in thickness for imaging.
Monosaccharides used were glucose, galactose and fructose. Specifically, we used D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), D-galactose (Acros Organics, Fair Lawn, NJ) and D-fructose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Glycated solutions were 0.5 M sugar solutions in 0.05 M PBS solution and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (10,000 U/mL, Gibco, CA). Tissue sections were kept in 37 ℃ incubator and the glycated solution was replaced each 4 days. All tissues were incubated under the above conditions for different periods. Tissues were removed from sugar solutions and cut into sections 2.0 mm in thickness for imaging.
7
Chemicals and Reagents for Cell Assays
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D(+)-galactose and D(+)-raffinose were purchased from ACROS Organics (Geel, Belgium). Yeast nitrogen base without amino acids and Bacto peptone were purchased from BD Biosciences (Franklin lakes, NJ). D(+)-glucose, Bacto yeast extract, dimethylsulfoxyde (vehicle control), 3,3′5-triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt (T3), Nutlin-3, Nutlin-3a, FK-506 monohydrate, and the different amino acids complements were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).
8
Assessing Sugar Utilization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
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Lactiplantibacillusplantarum strains were first incubated in cMRS for 24 h at 30°C. The cells were then collected by centrifugation at 5000× g for 5 min, washed twice in PBS to remove residual nutrients (pH 7.2) and then suspended in a modified MRS (mMRS) without beef extract or dextrose (pH 6.5) (De Man et al., 1960 ). The cell suspensions were then distributed into 96‐well microtiter plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) at an optical density (OD) at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.2. To test the capacity to grow on different sugars, mMRS was amended to contain 2% (w/v) of d ‐glucose (111 mM) (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ), d ‐maltose monohydrate (55 mM) (Amresco, Solon, OH), sucrose (58 mM) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), d ‐galactose (111 mM) (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ), d ‐raffinose pentahydrate (40 mM) (VWR International, Solon, OH), D‐fructose (55 mM) (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ), d ‐xylose (133 mM) (Acros Organics, Morris Plains, NJ), d ‐ribose (133 mM) (Acros Organics, Morris Plains, NJ) or l ‐arabinose (133 mM) (Acros Organics, Morris Plains, NJ). The OD600 values were measured hourly for 48 h in a Synergy 2 microplate reader (Biotek, Winooski, VT) set at 30°C without aeration.
9
Carbohydrate-Binding Hydrogel Synthesis
10
Lipid Bilayer Membrane Characterization
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Egg yolk L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC), cardiolipin (CL) from Escherichia coli, the EPR spin-labeled probes 5-doxylstearic acid (5-DSA), and potassium ferricyanide were all purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All phospholipids were further purified on silica columns. Erythrosine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, UK) was used as a phosphorescent probe while ferrocene (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as a quencher of Erythrosine phosphorescence.
Pure cardiotoxin from Naja naja mossambica was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA) (C9759). The NHS-Rhodamine conjugate alone and a NHS-Rhodamine Antibody Labeling kit (53031) were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). A CytoTox-ONETM Homogenous Membrane Integrity Assay (G7890) was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). All other reagents were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA), including MitoTracker Green, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), Neurobasal Medium, B-27 Supplement, Glutamax, poly-L-lysine, fetal bovine serum, and sodium pyruvate. D-glucose, glutamic acid, and D-galactose were obtained from Thermo Scientific.
Pure cardiotoxin from Naja naja mossambica was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA) (C9759). The NHS-Rhodamine conjugate alone and a NHS-Rhodamine Antibody Labeling kit (53031) were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). A CytoTox-ONETM Homogenous Membrane Integrity Assay (G7890) was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). All other reagents were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA), including MitoTracker Green, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), Neurobasal Medium, B-27 Supplement, Glutamax, poly-L-lysine, fetal bovine serum, and sodium pyruvate. D-glucose, glutamic acid, and D-galactose were obtained from Thermo Scientific.
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