Gemini 300

The middle part of the 2^nd leaf of a least six different plants was placed in between blotting paper and air dried for ten days in between book pages to avoid possible structural changes of the wax layer caused by alcohol dehydration. Next, 0.5 mm² pieces were attached to aluminium stubs with adhesive carbon tabs (Agar, Scietific, Essex, UK) with the upper or lower epidermis of the leaf facing up. Cross sections were applied laterally with the open-cut surface facing up. Samples were gold-sputtered (Quorum EMS 150R ES Plus, Laughton, UK) and examined at 5 kV in a Zeiss Gemini300 scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Oberkochen).

Soil pH was measured according to the standard method (NY-T 1377-2007, China) using a pH meter (S210-S, Mettler Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland). Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was determined according to the standard method (NY-T 295-1995, China) using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PinAAcle 900 Z) to measure the absorbance of Ca and Mg, with the wavelength 422.7 nm 285.2 nm, respectively. Organic matter (OM) was measured according to the standard method (NY-T 1121.6-2006, China). The pore size, pore volume, and specific surface area of soil particles were measured using automatic specific surface and porosity analyzer BET (ASAP2460, Micromeritics Instrument Corp., Atlanta, GA, USA), respectively. Sb speciation was analyzed using Tessier sequential extraction. The particle sizes were measured using sieves and hydrometers (NY/T 1121.3-2006).
The samples were sprayed with gold and scanned by the electron microscope (ZEISS Gemini 300, Zeiss, Germany) with X-ray spectrometer (Oxford Xplore, Abingdon, UK). The pictures were used to observe the comparison of the surface morphology the Sb distribution of soil particles before and after adsorption. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to detect the changes in surface Sb valence of soil particles before and after the absorption.

The surface morphology of the thin films was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The film surface was first gold plated and observed using a ZEISS Gemini 300 scanning electron microscope (Zeiss, Germany) at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV.
An atomic force microscope was used to observe the roughness of the film surface. First, a special double‐sided adhesive was used to fix the film, and the film surface was scanned using a Bruker Dimension ICON (Bruker, Germany).

The viability of hADSCs (1×10⁴) seeded on VT-ADM and GA-ADM was measured with the Live/Dead cell viability assay (Yeasen Biotechnology, China) according to the manufacturer’s instruction on day 1 and day 3. The live cell (stained green) number was counted under per high-power field. Three fields were randomly selected from every sample and their average value was calculated.
The morphology of adhered cells was examined by SEM hADSCs (5 × 10⁴) were seeded on the circular spongy materials in size of the wells of a 24-well plate cultured for 3 days were examined by SEM. The samples were fixed overnight at 4°C in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times (15minutes each time). Then the samples were dehydrated through a graded series of ethanol (30-100%, V/V) and dried with a freezing-drier (YB-FD-1, SHYB Co., Ltd., China). Once dried, the samples were observed under an SEM (ZEISS Gemini 300, Germany). hADSCs (1×10⁴) seeded on VT-ADM and GA-ADM cultured for 2 days were stained by TRITC-tagged phalloidin according to the manufacturer’s instruction (Yeasen Biotechnology, China). The F-actin was specifically combined with phalloidin to exhibit cell morphology.

SEM examined the macroscopic surface morphology of the extracted and purified glucan and oligoglucan (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, ZEISS Gemini 300, Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). The freeze-dried polysaccharide powders were each adhered to a sample grid and coated with gold using an ion sputtering instrument. Different magnifications (500, 2000, and 4000×) images of the glucan and oligoglucan were obtained at an accelerating voltage of (10 kV).

The micromorphology of the foamed cement samples was observed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, ZEISS Gemini 300, Zeiss, Karl, Germany). A power X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD, Rigaku Ultima IV, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) was conducted to analyze the chemical components. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP, Mike 9620, Atlanta, GA, USA) was applied to examine the porosity of samples.