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Optomotry

Manufactured by Cerebral Mechanics
Sourced in Canada, United States

The OptoMotry is a laboratory equipment designed for visual function assessment. It utilizes an automated virtual-reality system to measure various aspects of visual perception in laboratory animals.

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103 protocols using optomotry

1

Optomotor System for Assessing Visual Acuity in Mice

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Visual acuity of mice was assessed by using the Optomotor system (OptoMotry; Cerebral Mechanics) as previously described (Indrieri et al, 2019 ). Briefly, the OptoMotry machine (CerebralMechanics Inc.) is constituted by a plexiglass box [39 × 39 × 32.5 cm (L × W × H)] with rectangular openings [33.5 × 26.5 cm (W × H)] on each wall painted flat white on the inside (screens). Inside the box, a platform is positioned 13 cm above the floor by securing a white Plexiglas disk (diameter, 5.3 cm). Above and below the screens, there are two mirrors and a camera at the top that allows one to follow the behavior of the animal. The computer program (OptoMotry; CerebralMechanics, Lethbride, Alberta, Canada) was used to control the rotation speed and the geometry of the stimuli as well as the spatial frequency and contrast of the stimuli. Analyses have been conducted twice, at two different time points (p40 and p90), by increasing the spatial frequency for each direction of rotation (right/left), after an initial trial of 10 min. The maximum spatial frequency that the animal is able to perceive is recorded as a threshold of visual acuity and reported in the graph as cycles/degree on the y‐axis.
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2

Measuring Visual Acuity in Animals

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OKT thresholds were used to identify spatial frequencies of gratings (cycles/degree) which define visual performance for animals (OptoMotry; CerebralMechanics, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada).27 (link)30 (link) Briefly, animals were placed on the pedestal in the OptoMotry system and given five minutes to acclimate to the new environment. A simple staircase method at 100% contrast in normal lighting conditions was used for testing. Right and left eyes were tested separately and averaged together to get one spatial frequency per animal.
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3

Measuring Visual Function Post-Blast

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To assess visual function, optokinetic reflex measurements were made 4 weeks post blast. The untrained, unrestrained awake mice were placed on a platform inside the OptoMotry virtual reality optokinetic reflex system to quantify the visual acuity and contrast sensitivity thresholds (OptoMotry, CerebralMechanics, Lethbridge, AB, Canada) as described previously [37 (link),76 (link)]. Visual acuity was assessed at 100% contrast by varying spatial frequency threshold. Contrast sensitivity was assessed in mice by varying the contrast at 0.042 cycles per degree (c/d) of spatial frequency threshold.
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4

Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Diabetic Mice

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Awake mice were placed on a platform inside the OptoMotry virtual reality optokinetic reflex system to quantify the visual acuity and contrast sensitivity thresholds (OptoMotry, CerebralMechanics, Lethbride, Alberta, Canada) as described previously [Prusky et al., 2004 (link)]. A step-wise paradigm defined by OptoMotry software was used with the screens of contrasting bars of light not visible to the investigator and the investigator was blinded to the groups. Vision testing was carried out at 4 weeks after diabetes. Acuity testing was performed at 100% contrast with varying spatial frequency threshold (i.e. white versus black stripes), while contrast sensitivity testing was performed at fixed spatial frequency threshold (0.042 c/d).
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5

Virtual Optomotor System for Evaluating Visual Function in Rats

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A virtual optomotor system (OptomotryTM; Cerebral Mechanics, White Plains, NY) was used to evaluate visual function in I/R rats with or without CPUY192018 treatment. The equipment has four inward-facing computer monitors arranged in a square around an elevated testing platform. A moving vertical sine wave grating is displayed on the monitors, creating an illusion of a virtual cylinder rotating at 12°/s around the testing platform. A video camera mounted to the top lid of the apparatus reports to a computer program, enabling the experimenter to score the test animal's optokinetic reflex response to the moving grating. The spatial frequency (SF) threshold was assessed in awake and freely moving rats. Rats were judged able to visualize the moving grating target by their characteristic head movement tracking the cylinder rotation. SF (cycles/degree) was always measured at maximum contrast (100%) by using a staircase method beginning with a minimum preset frequency of 0.072 cycles/degree. The SF threshold was identified as the highest values that still elicited a response in the rats. Twelve rats were used for visual threshold testing.
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6

Mice Visual Acuity Assessment Post-ONC

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Mice were tested for visual acuity 1 week before, and 3 and 13 weeks after ONC. Visual acuity was tested using the OptomotryTM (Cerebral Mechanics, Inc., Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada). Mice were placed on an elevated platform in an arena surrounded by four high definition video screens. Black and white 100% contrast square-wave gratings of different spatial frequencies were presented in a semi-shuffled order. In the optokinetic response, mice make head turns in the temporo-nasal direction of the stimulus direction. If the stimulus is clockwise, the head turn is from left to right and driven by the left eye. If the stimulus is counterclockwise, the head turn is from right to left and driven by the right eye. The experimenter was blind to spatial frequency and to the direction of movement presented. If no head turn was signaled within 2 minutes, a pattern of lower spatial frequency was presented. If a head turn was observed, the next higher spatial frequency was presented to establish the acuity threshold. For the final test at 13 weeks, the left, non-affected eye was sutured shut, one day prior acuity testing to avoid any compensation from that eye. The mice were anesthetized with xylazine/ketamine as above, the skin around the eye was swabbed with 70% ethanol, avoiding to contact the eye and the lid sutured closed with two sutures of 6/0 silk.
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7

Evaluating Retinal Function in Glaucoma Mouse Model

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Dark-adapted ERGs were used to assess inner and outer retinal neuronal function (see Supplementary Materials). ERG measurements were taken at baseline (before the crosslinking procedure), and at 7 and 14 days after microbead injection (Fig. 1C). We analyzed amplitudes of the positive scotopic threshold and negative scotopic threshold signals at –6.0 log cd s/m2, the b-wave at –3.0 log cd s/m2 (b-wave), and the third oscillatory potential (OP3) at 2.1 log cd s/m2, because these amplitudes have been shown to be significantly decreased in rodent models of glaucoma.35 (link)39 (link)
Visual function was assessed via quantitative analysis of OMR thresholds of spatial frequency and contrast sensitivity (CS) (see Supplementary Materials, OptoMotry; Cerebral-Mechanics, Lethbridge, AB, Canada). The OMR was measured at baseline (before crosslinking treatment), day 0 (7 days after crosslinking procedure, but before microbead injection that day), day 7, and day 14 (Fig. 1C), following a protocol similar to that of Prusky et al. and Douglas et al.40 (link),41 (link)
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8

Assessing Visual Acuity in Rodents

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Visual acuity was tested using OptoMotry, a virtual optomotor system (Cerebral Mechanics, Westchester County, New York, USA) as described previously125 (link). Prior to the start of the assessments, animals were placed on an elevated platform surrounded by four computer monitors. Animals were then allowed to track a virtual rotating cylinder comprised of a sine wave grating and their movements were recorded by an overhead camera. A lack of compensatory head and neck movements countering the motion of the sine wave grating indicates an inability to discern the displayed visual pattern. Rotation speed and contrast of this test was set to 12 d/s and 100%, respectively.
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9

Measuring Visual Acuity in Mice

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A Virtual Optomotor System (OptoMotry, CerebralMechanics, Lethbride, Canada) was used to measure visual acuity as an index of visual function (Prusky et al., 2004 (link)). For that purpose, animals were exposed to moving and wave gratings of various spatial frequencies and reflexive head movements of mice were tracked. Acuity was assessed by starting with a low spatial frequency (0.1 cycle/degree) and incrementally increasing the spatial frequency of the grating until the animal failed to respond. The threshold was defined as the highest spatial frequency obtained at 100% contrast. Each mouse was tested five times for acuity of the right and the left eye, respectively.
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10

Spatial Frequency Threshold Assessment of Mouse Visual Acuity

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Visual acuity as a function of spatial frequency threshold assessment of mice was measured by a trained observer/operator inducing and recording visual, reflexive, tracking behavior (OKT) of individual mice using a virtual optomotor system (OptoMotry; Cerebral Mechanics, Inc., Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada). Briefly, a mouse was placed on a platform inside a chamber with four walls comprised of computer monitors displaying vertical dark and white lines in motion. The perceived visual environment was that of being inside a revolving cylinder of vertical stripes. The mouse moved its head left or right (depending on the direction the lines were spinning) in order to visually follow the movement of the lines in a reflexive tracking motion.16 (link),17 (link) The spatial frequency in cycles per degree (i.e., the thickness of the dark lines) was progressively narrowed in a staircase pattern by the trained observer/operator until the mouse no longer made detectable head-tracking movements. The highest spatial frequency threshold at which tracking motions were still present was recorded as the visual acuity capability of the mouse. OKT assessments were conducted under photopic conditions and at 100% line contrast 1 week and 4 weeks following toxic light exposure.16 (link),18 (link)
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