Spss statistical software program version

All analyses were done by using the SPSS statistical software program version 18.0 (IBM Corporation, NY). Quantitative variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Tukey's post-hoc test was used to determine the statistical significance in all pairwise comparisons of interest. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed to assess the association between ordinal miR-3978 and legumain. P<0.05 was considered to represent a statistically significant difference.

Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software program version 22 (IBM, IL, USA). Two-tailed Student’s t-test was applied to compare the differences between two groups, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences among multiple groups. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences between the survival curves were assessed using log-rank tests. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

All data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS statistical software program version 20.0. First, the characteristics of the sample were compared by gender and described using means (standard deviations, SD) for continuous variables and frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables. The chi-square test (χ²) and Student’s were used to compare categorical variables and continuous variables between groups, respectively. Second, Student’s t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the means of frequency and limitation between men and women with each independent variable. Finally, multiple linear regression models were used to examine gender-specific associations between late-life disability (frequency and limitation subscales) and SES. We adjusted multiple linear regression models for the following variables based on precedents suggesting that they were risk factors for late-life disability while also being related to SES measures: age, number of chronic diseases, self-rated health and depressive symptoms [23 (link),34 (link),35 (link)]. A 5% level of statistical significance was used for all analyses and estimates were reported with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).