To deposit the nanoporous carbon (NPC) film on graphene, 0.1 g block-copolymer (poly (styrene-b-4-vinyl pyridine), Polymer Source) and 0.2 g turanose (Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in DMF (Sigma-Aldrich). After a heat treatment of the solution at 180 °C, the solution was spin-coated onto the as-synthesized CVD graphene supported on the Cu foil. Pyrolysis of the polymer film was conducted at 500 °C in a H2/Ar atmosphere for 1 h, forming the NPC film on top of graphene. The NPC/graphene/Cu was floated on a Na2S2O8 bath (0.2 M in water) to etch the Cu foil. After Cu etching, the floating NPC/graphene film was rinsed in deionized water to remove the residues. Finally, NPC/graphene was scooped on the porous tungsten support.
Turanose
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Turanose is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and fructose. Turanose is commonly used in various research and analytical applications in the life sciences and chemical industries.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sucrose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Palatinose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium acetate trihydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fructose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
Maltose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
Glucose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
Trehalose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (2 mentions)
Sorbitol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rhamnose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Galactose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Melezitose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trehalose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Maltose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Raffinose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Leucrose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N n dimethylformamide (dmf), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Block copolymer, by Polymer Source (1 mentions)
Arabinose, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
10 protocols using turanose
1
Fabrication of Nanoporous Carbon-Graphene Film
2
Carbohydrate Profiling by HPLC-MS
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Trehalose, fructose, succrose, maltose, glucose, arabinose, maltotriose isomaltotriose, xylose and were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry, TCI, (Europe, Belgium); ribose, raffinose, melibiose, gentiobiose, isomaltose and panose were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry, TCI, (Tokyo, Japan); iso-erythritol, galactitol, turanose, galactose, isomaltotriose, mannitol, rhamnose and sorbitol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); sodium hydroxide and sodium acetate trihydrate were from Merck (Darmstad, Germany). All aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water (Thermofisher TKA MicroPure water purification system, 0.055 µS/cm). Standard solutions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose were prepared at 1000 ng/mL concentration, whereas 100 ng/mL was concentration of the rest of compounds. Calibration standards were prepared from the stock solutions by dilution with ultrapure water. The quality-control mixture used for monitoring instrument performance was prepared by diluting standards to concentrations in the range 0.9–100 ng/mL (depending on the concentration in samples).
3
Chemical Reagents and Synthesis
4
Honey Sugars Profiling by HPLC
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Sugar profiles of 11 honey samples were analyzed by HPLC using the Shimadzu chromatographic system (Kyoto, Japan) with the RID-10A refractive index detector. The mobile phase (Milli-Q water obtained using the Elix® Essential 3 Water Purification System with Synergy® UV Water Purification System, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) was run at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min at 75 °C through the REZEX RPM-Monosaccharide Pb2+ column (300 × 7.8 mm, Phenomenex, Torrence, USA). The column was calibrated using sixteen carbohydrate standards, including mono-, di- and trisaccharides. Standard solutions of mono-, di- and trisaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, sucrose, turanose, maltose, celobiose, fucose, trehalose, melibiose, erlose, melezitose and raffinose (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) were used for interpretation and quantification of sugars in the honey samples. Sugar concentrations were expressed in g/100 g honey.
5
Analytical Methods for Honey Characterization
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All chemical standards were HPLC-grade pure. Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, aluminum chloride, sodium carbonate, potassium iodide, and bisulfite were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Quercetin and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Massachusetts, USA) and methanol was obtained from Merck (Darmstandt, Germany). Hydrolyzed starch for diastase determination was purchased from Carlo Erba (Barcelona, Spain). The calibration of the HANNA Honey Color C221 colorimeter was with glycerin was provided by Glycerol HANNA instruments (Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA). Standards of glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, turanose and melezitose were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Madrid, Spain).
6
Characterization of Carbohydrate and Phenolic Standards
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Standards of phenolic compounds, as well as sorbitol, turanose, and Trolox were from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). From Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) were purchased Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium acetate trihydrate, methanol (HPLC grade), acetonitrile (MS grade), and formic acid (MS grade). Trehalose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, glucose, and maltotriose were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry, TCI, (Zwijndrecht, Belgium), while gentiobiose and isomaltose were obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry, TCI, (Tokyo, Japan). From Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA) were purchased PTFE syringe filters (13 mm, 0.45 µm). Standard solutions were prepared with ultrapure water (TKA Germany MicroPure water purification system, 0.055 µS/cm).
7
Enzymatic Deglycosylation Assay Protocol
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The glucose assay kit was obtained from Biosino Bio-Technology and Science Inc. (China), and the enzymatic deglycosylation kit from Prozyme (USA). Turanose, leucrose, palatinose, and raffinose were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The other chemicals were of analytical grade and are commercially available.
A. oryzae FS4 (CGMCC No. 9087) was isolated and stored on potato dextrose agar slants at 4°C and cultured at 28°C for 48 h in a fermentation medium that contained 2% sucrose, 3% yeast extract, and 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose. E. coli DH5a, E. coli BL21, and Pichia pastoris KM71 were cultured based on the protocols from the pET System Manual (Novagen, Germany) and the Pichia Expression Kit (Invitrogen, USA).
A. oryzae FS4 (CGMCC No. 9087) was isolated and stored on potato dextrose agar slants at 4°C and cultured at 28°C for 48 h in a fermentation medium that contained 2% sucrose, 3% yeast extract, and 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose. E. coli DH5a, E. coli BL21, and Pichia pastoris KM71 were cultured based on the protocols from the pET System Manual (Novagen, Germany) and the Pichia Expression Kit (Invitrogen, USA).
8
Fabrication of Polymeric Nanocomposite Electrodes
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The Cu foil (25 μm, 99.999% purity) was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Turanose (98.0%), N,N-dimethylformamide (99.8%), and Na2S2O8 (99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Poly(styrene-b-4-vinyl pyridine) [Mn(PS) = 11,800 g mol−1, Mn(P4VP) = 12,300 g mol−1, Mw/Mn = 1.08] was obtained from Polymer Source Inc. All chemicals were used as provided. All solutions were prepared with deionized (DI) water.
9
Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrate Compounds
10
Sucrose Analog Leaf Infiltration Assay
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Fully expanded leaves (30–60 mg fresh weight) were harvested from overnight dark-adapted plants and cut into two pieces, removing the main veins, upper edges and lower edges. For sucrose analog supplementation, four pieces of leaves for each treatment were floated on MilliQ H2O containing 30 mM mannitol (Nacalai), 30 mM sucrose (Nacalai), 30 mM turanose (Sigma) or 30 mM palatinose (Sigma) for 30 min.
For 2DG supplementation, four pieces of leaves were floated on H2O containing (or not) 30 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose (Nacalai) for 1 h. Pieces of leaves were infiltrated in a syringe with H2O containing (or not) 60 mM mannitol, 30 mM sucrose or 30 mM pyruvate-sodium (animal-free; Nacalai) and were floated on each solution for 30 min.
For the sucrose time-course experiment, four pieces of leaves were infiltrated in a syringe with H2O containing 30 mM sucrose. Pieces of leaves were floated on the same sucrose solution and collected at the indicated times.
For 2DG supplementation, four pieces of leaves were floated on H2O containing (or not) 30 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose (Nacalai) for 1 h. Pieces of leaves were infiltrated in a syringe with H2O containing (or not) 60 mM mannitol, 30 mM sucrose or 30 mM pyruvate-sodium (animal-free; Nacalai) and were floated on each solution for 30 min.
For the sucrose time-course experiment, four pieces of leaves were infiltrated in a syringe with H2O containing 30 mM sucrose. Pieces of leaves were floated on the same sucrose solution and collected at the indicated times.
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