1 pentanol

Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB, ≥98.0%) and potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇, ≥99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland). 1-pentanol (≥98.5%), ammonium hydroxide (NH₄⁺OH⁻, 25% in water), silicon tetraethoxide (TEOS, ≥99.0%), sodium hydroxide pellets (NaOH, 99%), and fuming hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol (96.0%) was prepared from Bidestan Co. (Ghazvin, Iran). Deionized (DI) water was utilized for the adsorption investigations and preparation of the adsorbent.

Hydrazine hydrate (80%), 1-pentanol, sodium borohydride and sodium chloride were purchased from Merck. Graphite powder, Pd(dba)2, toluene, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), ortho(o)-, meta(m)- and para(p)-nitrophenols were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. Whatmann Anodisc® 25 filter of 20 nm pore size with the filtration setup was purchased from Millipore. Ultra-pure water (18.2 MΩ-cm) from double stage water purifier (Elga pure lab option-R7) was used for all the experiments.

Zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl formamide (DMF), 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), sodium 2-mercaptoacetate and 1-pentanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Methanol, Dichloromethane and 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) was also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Milipore water was obtained from the Merck Millipore water system (WP612250). Commercially obtained human malignant melanoma A375 cells (Cellonex, 0012300) were cultivated in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) enriched with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 0.1% of Amphotericin-β and Penicillin-Streptomycin. The cells were grown in T175 culture flask and maintained with 37 °C, 5% CO₂ and 85% humidity. At around 80–90% confluency the cells were harvested and transferred into the 3.5 cm² cell culture dishes at a density of 250 × 10⁵ cells/3 mL of complete media. Prior to experimentation, the cells were incubated overnight to allow cellular attachment. Commercially available 10 mg/mL of Cannabidiol (CBD) (Sigma-Aldrich, 90899-1 mL, St. Louis, MI, USA) with a molar mass of 314.46 g/mol was solubilized in 1 mL of 99.8% ethanol. Before use, CBD was further diluted to a stock concentration of 0.5 mg/mL with 19 mL of 99.8% ethanol.

HAuCl₄∙3H₂O, 1-pentanol, and PVP (Mn = 40,000) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Ethanol (AR, ≥99.7%) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ × cm) was used throughout the experiments. Glass coverslips (catalog no. CG15KH) were purchased from Thorlabs China. Lacey carbon film with average pore size of ~5 μm and thickness of ~20 nm coated copper grids (catalog no. BZ110125b) were purchased from Electron Microscopy Supplies China.