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48 protocols using ultracut s microtome

1

Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation

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A pellet of cells was fixed for at least 2 h at RT in fixative (2.5% Glutaraldehyde 1.25% Paraformaldehyde and 0.03% picric acid in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4)), washed in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer and post-fixed with 1% Osmiumtetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% Potassiumferrocyanide (KFeCN6) for 1 h, washed 2x in water, 1x Maleate buffer (MB) 1x and incubated in 1% uranyl acetate in MB for 1 h followed by 2 washes in water and subsequent dehydration in grades of alcohol (10 mins each; 50%, 70%, 90%, 2X10 mins 100%). The samples were then put in propyleneoxide for 1 h and infiltrated overnight in a 1:1 mixture of propyleneoxide and TAAB (TAAB Laboratories Equipment Ltd, https://taab.co.uk). The following day the samples were embedded in TAAB Epon and polymerized at 60°C for 48 h. Ultrathin sections (about 60 nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up on to copper grids stained with lead citrate and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope or a TecnaiG2 Spirit BioTWIN and images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera.
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2

Multimodal Imaging Characterization of Nanoparticles

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3D-reconstructed fluorescence microscopy imaging was performed using a Leica SP5 X MP inverted confocal microscope equipped with a 60 × 1.42 NA oil immersion objective, with a set of standard filters for DAPI/CFP/FITC/AF488/AF568/Cy5/AF647. Image processing and 3D models were analyzed and generated with Imaris (Bitplane) software using the maximum intensity projection. UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence measurements were conducted on an Infinite M Nano microplate reader (Tecan Group, Switzerland). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on a Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN TEM instrument, operating at a voltage of 100 kV (FEI USA, Inc.). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on a JEOL JSM-7500F SEM instrument. Particle zeta potential was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) on Zetasizer Nano ZSP (Malvern, UK). Ultrathin sections (about 80 nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up onto copper grids stained with lead citrate, and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope, and images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera.
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3

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Tumor Samples

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Small tumor fragments (1–2 mm3) were fixed in FGP (2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde and 0.03% picric acid in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4) at 4 ˚C. Three tumor samples from each group (drug or control) were analyzed at the Electron Microscopy Core Facility (Harvard Medical School, Boston).
Tissue samples were postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) for 1 hour, washed in water 2 times, 1 time in 50mM maleate buffer (pH 5.15, MB) and incubated in 1% uranyl acetate in MB for 1hr followed by 1 wash in MB, 2 washes in water and subsequent dehydration in grades of alcohol (10min each; 50%, 70%, 90%, 2×10min 100%). The samples were left in propyleneoxide for 1 hr and infiltrated overnight in a 1:1 mixture of propyleneoxide and TAAB Epon (TAAB Laboratories Equipment Ltd, https://taab.co.uk). The following day the samples were embedded in TAAB Epon and polymerized at 60ºC for 48 hr. Ultrathin sections (about 80nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up on to copper grids stained with lead citrate, and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope or a TecnaiG2 Spirit BioTWIN. Images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera.
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4

Ultrastructural Analysis of Lgr5-lacZ Colon

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Two Lgr5-lacZ male mice, 6–8 weeks old, were used per time point. Colonic samples were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde plus 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.075 M sodium cacodylate buffer for 1 hour at 4°C and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide in double-distilled water. Samples were then rinsed in double-distilled water and dehydrated in a graded alcohol series of 50%, 75%, and 95% through absolute alcohol, followed by propylene oxide, with overnight incubation in 1:1 propylene oxide/poly bed 812 epoxy resin (manufacturer unknown). Ultrathin sections, obtained with a Reichert Ultracut S microtome, were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and photographed using a Jeol 1200 EX transmission electron microscope. Experiments were performed in the Electron Microscopy Facility at the Sloan Kettering Institute.
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5

Zygote Ultrastructural Analysis Protocol

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Sample preparation was performed by following the protocol of Harvard Medical School EM facility. Briefly, zygotes were fixed overnight at 4°C in 2.5% Glutaraldehyde, 1.25% Paraformaldehyde and 0.03% picric acid in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Samples were washed in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer, fixed with 1% Osmiumtetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% Potassiumferrocyanide (KFeCN6) for 2 h, washed in water 3 times and incubated in 1% aqueous uranyl acetate for 1 h, followed by 2 washes in water and subsequent dehydration in grades of alcohol (10 min each; 50%, 70%, 90%, 2×10 min 100%). The samples were then put in propyleneoxide for 1 h and infiltrated overnight in a 1:1 mixture of propyleneoxide and Spurr’s resin (EMS, Hatfield, PA). On the following day, the samples were embedded in Spurr’s and polymerized at 60°C for 48 h.
Ultra-thin sections (about 60 nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up on to copper grids, stained with lead citrate and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope. Images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera.
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6

Bacterial TEM Sample Preparation Protocol

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To prepare exponential-phase bacterial TEM samples, an overnight culture of USA400 MW2 (prepared in TSB) was diluted 1:300 in TSB and grown at 37 °C with 200 rpm shaking until an OD600 of 0.6 was reached. Compound treatments were performed (4 μM V or V–r8) for 90 min. To prepare stationary-phase bacterial samples, an overnight culture of USA400 MW2 was pelleted and washed 1× in PBS and then diluted to an OD600 of 1.0 in PBS. Compound treatments were performed at 8 μM for V and V–r8 for 90 min. Upon treatment, all cells were then pelleted at 10000g at 4 °C for 10 min and then resuspended in fixative (2% glutaraldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, pH 7.4). Upon three PBS washes to remove excess fixative, the samples were enrobed in gelatin, placed in a cold block, and postfixed with 1% OsO4 in phosphate buffer. Samples were then washed three times with ddH2O, stained with 1% uranyl acetate overnight at 4 °C, and then subsequently dehydrated with 95% EtOH and embedded in Epon. A Leica Ultracut S microtome was used to prepare thin sections, which were viewed on a JEOL JEM-1400.
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7

Ultrastructural Analysis of Mouse Left Ventricular Tissue

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Mice were sacrificed and left ventricular tissue was isolated under a dissecting microscope. Left ventricular tissue was cut into small pieces (1-2mm cubes) and perfused in 1% glutaraldehyde/3% paraformaldehyde in cardioplegic buffer (5% dextrose, 30mmol/L KCl in PBS).30 (link) After fixation the tissue was washed in 0.1M cacodylate buffer and postfixed with 1% Osmiumtetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% Potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) for 1 hour, washed in water 3x and incubated in 1% aqueous uranyl acetate for 1hr followed by 2 washes in water and subsequent dehydration in grades of alcohol (10min each; 50%, 70%, 90%, 2x10min 100%). The samples were then put in propyleneoxide for 1 hr and infiltrated ON in a 1:1 mixture of propyleneoxide and TAAB Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, Canada). The following day the samples were embedded in TAAB Epon and polymerized at 60°C for 48 hrs. Ultrathin sections (about 80nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up on to copper grids, stained with lead citrate and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope or a TecnaiG2 Spirit BioTWIN. Images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera and saved as TIFF files.
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8

Comprehensive Electron Microscopy Protocol

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Samples were fixed in the routine fixative [2.5% Glutaraldehyde 1.25% Paraformaldehyde and 0.03% picric acid in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4)] for at least 2 h at room temperature, washed in 0.1M cacodylate buffer and postfixed with 1% Osmiumtetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% Potassiumferrocyanide (KFeCN6) for 1 h, washed 2 × in water, 1 × Maleate buffer (MB) 1x and incubated in 1% uranyl acetate in MB for 1hr followed by 2 washes in water and subsequent dehydration in grades of alcohol (10 min each; 50%, 70%, 90%, 2 × 10 min 100%). The samples were then put in propyleneoxide for 30 min and infiltrated ON in a 1:1 mixture of propyleneoxide and TAAB Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, Canada). The following day the samples were embedded in TAAB Epon and polymerized at 60°°C for 48 h. Ultrathin sections (about 60 nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up on to copper grids stained with lead citrate and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope and images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera.
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9

Ultrastructural Analysis of Biological Tissues

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For transmission electron microscopy analysis, tissues were fixed in 2.5% Glutaraldehyde 1.25% Paraformaldehyde and 0.03% picric acid in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4). Small tissue pieces (1–2mm cubes) were fixed for at least 2 hours at RT in the above fixative, washed in 0.1M cacodylate buffer and postfixed with 1% Osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% Potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) for 1 hour, washed in water 3x and incubated in 1% aqueous uranyl acetate for 1hr followed by 2 washes in water and subsequent dehydration in grades of alcohol (10min each; 50%, 70%, 90%, 20×10min 100%). The samples were then put in propyleneoxide for 1 hr and infiltrated ON in a 1:1 mixture of propyleneoxide and TAAB Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, Canada). The following day the samples were embedded in TAAB Epon and polymerized at 60°c for 48 hrs. Ultrathin sections (~60nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up on to copper grids stained with lead citrate and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope or a TecnaiG2 Spirit BioTWIN and images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera.
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10

Ultrastructural Cellular Imaging via EM

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Electron microscopy imaging was performed in the Harvard Medical School Electron Microscopy Facility. Fixative solution containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde, 0.03% picric acid in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4, was added in a 1:1 ratio to cells grown to 70% confluency for 1 h at room temperature. The cells were then postfixed for 30 min in 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6), washed in water 3x, and incubated in 1% aqueous uranyl acetate for 30 min, followed by two washes in water and subsequent dehydration in grades of alcohol (5 min each; 50, 70, 95%, 2 × 100%). Cells were removed from the dish in propyleneoxide, pelleted at 500×g for 3 min, and infiltrated for 2 h to overnight in a 1:1 mixture of propyleneoxide and TAAB Epon (Marivac Canada Inc., St. Laurent, Canada). The samples subsequently embedded in TAAB Epon and polymerized at 60 °C for 48 h. Ultrathin sections (~60 nm) were cut on a Reichert Ultracut-S microtome, picked up on to copper grids stained with lead citrate and examined in a JEOL 1200EX Transmission electron microscope or a TecnaiG² Spirit BioTWIN and images were recorded with an AMT 2k CCD camera.
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