Violet red bile glucose agar

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany

Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar is a culture medium used for the selective isolation and enumeration of coliform bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. It contains bile salts, crystal violet, and glucose as the main components.

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Lab products found in correlation

Plate count agar, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Mrs agar, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Mannitol salt agar, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sabouraud dextrose agar, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Eosin methylene blue agar, by Condalab (2 mentions) Macconkey agar, by Condalab (2 mentions) Easyspiral, by Interscience (1 mentions) Potato dextrose agar pda, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Tartaric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Man rogosa sharpe agar, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sterile buffered peptone water, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cp 411, by Elmetron (1 mentions) Bagmixer, by Interscience (1 mentions) Mannitol salt agar, by HiMedia (1 mentions) Sterile peptone water, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Plate count agar pca, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sodium azide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)

10 protocols using violet red bile glucose agar

Microbiological Analysis of Brine Samples

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Brine
samples were microbiologically analyzed at regular intervals
for MAB, LAB, ENB, and YM.^{54 (link),55 (link)} Enumeration of microorganisms
was carried out using a spiral plating system (Easy Spiral, Interscience,
France). Appropriate dilutions were plated on Plate Count Agar, MRS
Agar, and Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract Agar (Merck KGaA,
Darmstadt, Germany) for MAB, LAB, and YM, respectively, and incubated
at 30 °C for 48 h. Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar (Merck KGaA,
Darmstadt, Germany) was used for the enumeration of ENB and incubated
at 35 °C for 48 h. The curves of cell growth for each microbial
group were plotted using Excel program of Windows.

Yildirim Kumral A., Kumral N.A., Kolcu A., Maden B, & Artik B. (2020). Simulation Study for the Degradation of Some Insecticides during Different Black Table Olive Processes. ACS Omega, 5(23), 14164-14172.

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Pistachio Endocarp Fermentation Protocol

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Ahmad Aghaei pistachio endocarp was obtained from Kerman Agricultural Research Center, Kerman Province, Iran. Starter culture (Biobak K) was purchased from (Wiberg‐Salzburg, Austria), containing Lactobacillus sake, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus carnosus, and Pediococcus pentosaceus. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA), perchloric acid 70%–72%, ethanol, sodium chloride, n‐hexane, copper sulfate, potassium sulfate, selenium, chloride acid, Plat Count Agar, MRS agar, Mannitol Salt Agar, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar were purchased from the Merck Company of Germany.

Lashgari S.S., Noorolahi Z., Sahari M.A, & Ahmadi Gavlighi H. (2020). Improvement of oxidative stability and textural properties of fermented sausage via addition of pistachio hull extract. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(6), 2920-2928.

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Microbial Profiling of Vinegar Varieties

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Serial dilutions of vinegar samples (TTV, PTV and UTV) were performed in peptone water solution for microbial count. Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) counts were determined in Glucose Yeast Extract Calcium Carbonate Agar (GYC, pH 6.8, HiMedia, Mumbai, India). The surface plate method was used and incubated for 5–10 days at 30 °C in plates [27 (link)]. PCA (Plate Count Agar—Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was used for TAPC (total aerobic plate count). Samples were incubated at 28 °C for 48 h. For yeast and mold count, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA, pH 5.6, Merck, Germany) acidified with 10% tartaric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was used. The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C for 3–5 days. Total Enterobacteriaceae count was determined in VRBG (Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar-Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The results were expressed as log colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter of PTV, TTV and UTV [28 (link)].

Yıkmış S., Aksu F., Altunatmaz S.S, & Çöl B.G. (2021). Ultrasound Processing of Vinegar: Modelling the Impact on Bioactives and Other Quality Factors. Foods, 10(8), 1703.

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Microbiological Analysis of Food Samples

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For microbiological analysis, 10 g of each sample was aseptically weighted in a sterile plastic bag (after removing the casing). Subsequently, the samples were homogenized with 90 ml sterile solution of 0.1% (w/v) peptone water. Total viable counts (TVC) were enumerated by Plate Count Agar (Merck) after incubating at 30°C for 48 hr, lactic acid bacteria by Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (Merck) after incubating at 30°C for 48 hr days, staphylococci by Mannitol Salt Agar (Merck) after incubating at 37°C for 37 hr yeasts, and molds by Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (Merck) after incubating at 25°C for 5 days and Enterobacteriacea by Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar (Merck) after incubating at 37°C for 24 hr. Plates with 30–300 colonies were counted. The microbiological data were transformed into logarithms of the number of colony‐forming units (CFU/g).

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Microbiological Analysis of Bread Crumb

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The representative sample cuts (crumb with crust—10 g) were collected and aseptically introduced into a sterile stomacher bag, then diluted with 90 mL of sterile physiological saline (0.9%). The samples were homogenized in a Bag Mixer (Interscience, Saint-Nom-la-Brèteche, France) for one minute and appropriate decimal dilutions were prepared in sterile buffered peptone water (Merck, Darmstad, Germany). Total mesophilic microbial counts were enumerated on Plate Count Agar (Merck, Darmstad Germany), whereas coliforms were determined on Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar (Merck, Darmstad, Germany), both after incubation at 37 °C under aerobic conditions for 48 h. The presence of Bacillus sp. was determined on Mannitol Yolk Polymyxin B Agar (Merck, Darmstad, Germany). Fungal counts were determined on Sabouraud Agar amended with chloramphenicol (0.005%) (Merck, Darmstad, Germany) at 25 °C for 72 h under aerobic conditions. The enumeration of microorganisms was performed in triplicate (by counting plates with 30–300 colonies) and the viable cell counts were expressed as CFU/g of the samples.
A pH meter (CP-411, Elmetron, Zabrze, Poland) was used to determine the pH of the samples by immersing the device’s probe (at 25 °C) directly into the samples homogenized in saline.

Łopusiewicz Ł., Kowalczewski P.Ł., Baranowska H.M., Masewicz Ł., Amarowicz R, & Krupa-Kozak U. (2023). Effect of Flaxseed Oil Cake Extract on the Microbial Quality, Texture and Shelf Life of Gluten-Free Bread. Foods, 12(3), 595.

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Microbiological Enumeration of Food Samples

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Microbiological investigation included the enumeration of lactic acid bacteria on MRS agar (Merck, Germany) incubated under anaerobic conditions at 30°C for 72 h; Micrococcaceae on Mannitol Salt Agar (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) aerobically at 30°C for 48 h; Enterobacteriaceae on Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar (Merck, Germany) at 37°C for 24 h, Pseudomonadaceae on CFC Pseudomonas Agar (Oxoid, UK) at 25 °C for 48 h. The results were expressed as logarithms of colony-forming units per gram (log cfu/g). The presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes was investigated by standard methods [29, 30] .

Nikolić A., Djordjević V., Parunović N., Stefanović S., Đurić S., Jelena B., & Vasilev D. (2020). Can Polyphenols be used as Natural Preservatives in Fermented Sausages?. Acta veterinaria, 70(2), 219-237.

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Microbial Enumeration of Fish Fillets

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Total viable count, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and Enterobacteriaceae populations of the samples were evaluated during storage days.
Fish fillet (10 g) was mixed with 90 mL of 0.1% sterile peptone water (Merck) in a sterile stomacher bag and stomached for 1 min. For microbial enumeration, 0.1 mL of serial dilutions of fillet homogenates was spread on the surface of agar plates. Total viable counts (TVC) were determined using Plate Count Agar (PCA, Merck) after incubation at 37°C for 24 h. Psychrotrophic bacteria were determined on Plate Count Agar and the plates were incubated at 7°C for 10 days. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were counted on de Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (MRS, QUELAB) incubated at 35°C for 2 days. Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated by the pour‐overlay method using Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) agar (Merck). The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Three replicates of at least three appropriate dilutions depending on the sampling day were enumerated. The number of colony‐forming units was reported as Log₁₀ CFU/g samples (Yousef et al., 2022 ).

Zolfaghari A., Bazargani‐Gilani B, & Aghajani N. (2023). Edible film based on corn zein containing dill extract and essential oil/β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex: Shelf life enhancement of common carp fillet. Food Science & Nutrition, 11(7), 4275-4288.

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Isolation of Enterobacteriaceae from Hospital Wastewater

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Grab water samples were collected in triplicates from the hospital in CHDM in October, while samples from ADM was retrieved in November 2017. Samples were collected by lowering a sterile 2 L glass bottle attached to a string of appropriate length lowered to a maintenance hole where the hospital wastewater contains before being discharged into the main municipal wastewater stream. Samples were preserved on ice until processing within hours of collection. Each sample was processed in triplicates. A ten-fold serial dilution was carried out using sterile distilled water. One hundred mL of the adequately diluted samples were filtered under a vacuum. The membrane filters were transferred unto Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) agar (Merck, Modderfontein, RSA). For the isolation of presumptive Enterobacteriaceae, the VRBG plates were incubated at 37 °C for 18 hours. For the isolation of presumptive Citrobacter spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp., the different colonies on VRBG were then picked unto Eosin Methylene Blue agar and MacConkey agar (Conda, Pronadisa, RSA). A total of 44 presumptive isolates were stored at -80 °C in 25% glycerol stock for further laboratory analysis.

Fadare F.T, & Okoh A.I. (2021). Distribution and molecular characterization of ESBL, pAmpC β-lactamases, and non-β-lactam encoding genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from hospital wastewater in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. PLoS ONE, 16(7), e0254753.

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Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in Water

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A ten-fold serial dilution was carried out using sterile distilled water. Every 100 ml of adequately diluted samples was filtered using a vacuum filtration pump. The membrane filters were aseptically transferred to the Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) agar (Merck, Modderfontein, RSA) and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. Purple-red colonies were then counted as Enterobacteriaceae, with the results designated as colonyforming units per 100 ml (CFU/100 ml). For the isolation of presumptive Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., E. coli, and Klebsiella spp., the different colonies on VRBG were then picked unto MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar (Conda, Pronadisa, RSA). The purified presumptive isolates were stored at -80 °C in 25% glycerol stock for further laboratory analysis.

Fadare F.T., & Okoh A.I. (2021). The Abundance of Genes Encoding ESBL, pAmpC and Non-β-Lactam Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Recovered From Wastewater Effluents. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9.

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Olive Surface Microbial Profiles

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Physiochemical characters of titratable acidity (TA) (expressed as lactic acid, g/100 mL), combined acidity (CA) (expressed as undissociated organic salts, Eq/L) and pH were tested at different periods (0 days, 30 days, 60 days) according to the methods described by Garrido Fernandez et al. 17 The yeast and LAB populations adhered to the olive surface, or in the fermentation brines, were also tested, as in the description in the study by Benítez-Cabello et al. 18 Briefly, microbial populations adhered to fruits were isolated by homogenizing clean and previously washed olives for 1 min at 300 rpm in a stomacher model Seward 400 (Seward Medical, Ltd.; West Sussex, England). Suspensions of the samples were then plated onto solid selective culture media. Enterobacteriaceae were counted on Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) agar (Merck; Darmstadt, Germany), lactobacilli were spread onto de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar (Oxoid; Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) supplemented with 0.02% (wt/vol) sodium azide (Sigma; St. Louis, MO, USA), and yeasts were grown on yeast-malt-peptone-glucose medium (YM) agar (Difco, Becton and Dickinson Company; Sparks, MD, USA) supplemented with oxytetracycline and gentamicin sulfate (0.005%, wt/vol) as selective agents. Counts were expressed as log10 CFU/g.

Zhu Y ., González-Ortiz G ., Benítez-Cabello A ., Calero-Delgado B ., Jiménez-Díaz R , & Martín-Orúe SM . (2019). The use of starter cultures in the table olive fermentation can modulate the antiadhesive properties of brine exopolysaccharides against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Food & function, 10(6).

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