Gentamicin

Manufactured by Abbott

Sourced in India, United States, Spain

Gentamicin is a laboratory equipment product that is used for the detection and measurement of the antibiotic gentamicin in various samples. It is a versatile tool that can be utilized in clinical, research, and pharmaceutical settings.

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Lab products found in correlation

Hypoxanthine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium bicarbonate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Clarithromycin, by Abbott (1 mentions) Daptomycin, by Novartis (1 mentions) Rpmi 1640, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) D sorbitol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Albumax, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) D glucose, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) L6 myoblast cells, by National Centre for Cell Science (1 mentions) Polyvinyl alcohol (pva), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium, by HiMedia (1 mentions) Buprenorphine, by Reckitt Benckiser (1 mentions) Silymarin, by Abbott (1 mentions) Buprenex, by Reckitt Benckiser (1 mentions) 2 2 azinobis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (abts), by Merck Group (1 mentions) Oxiselect tac assay kit, by Cell Biolabs (1 mentions)

9 protocols using gentamicin

Antibacterial Drug Stability Evaluation

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Daptomycin (Cubicin® Novartis Inc. Spain) was generously provided by the manufacturer. Teicoplanin (Targocid® Marion-Merrel S.A. Spain), clarithromycin (Klacid® Abbot Laboratories S.A.), and gentamicin (Normon S.A. Spain) were commercially purchased as drug powder (Teicoplanin and clarithromycin) or as 20 mg/mL IV solution (gentamicin). Ethanol was commercially purchased as 70 % dilution (Lab. Reig Jofré. S.A. Spain). Drug powders were reconstituted following the CLSI guidelines [34 ].
Susceptibility testing was performed using e-test methodology but for DAP that was performed by microdilution following CLSI guidelines [34 ]. Mueller Hinton broth supplemented with 50 μg/ml calcium, and 12.5 μg/ml magnesium (SMHB) was used for susceptibility testing involving DAP.
Tryptic Soy Broth supplemented with 1 % glucose (TSBg) was used for biofilm growth.
To evaluate drug stability, each solution was incubated over 72 h, and then evaluated for physical compatibility by particulate formation, colour change, or gas evolution [31 (link)–33 (link)]. All drug-combinations maintained their initial conditions and were considered stable.

Parra D., Peña-Monje A., Coronado-Álvarez N.M., Hernández-Quero J, & Parra-Ruiz J. (2015). In vitro efficacy of daptomycin and teicoplanin combined with ethanol, clarithromycin or gentamicin as catheter lock solutions. BMC Microbiology, 15, 245.

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Synchronizing P. falciparum Cultures

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For parasite culture, blood was collected from healthy donors who provided written informed consent. P. falciparum 3D7 strain was cultured in RPMI 1640 (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) with an additional 2 mg ml⁻¹ sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), supplemented with 10% B+ human plasma, 48 mg L⁻¹ hypoxanthine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2 mg ml⁻¹ glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 50 µg ml⁻¹ gentamicin (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA). A hematocrit of 3% was maintained using human B⁺ red blood cells. Parasites were tightly synchronized for all experiments except for the Western blot experiment showing membrane extraction. Briefly, the parasites were synchronized at the early rings stage (4–5 h post infection) by treatment with 5% sorbitol (10 volumes of the RBC pellet) for 10 min at 37 °C followed by two washes with incomplete RPMI. Resulting pellet was suspended in complete medium as described above. The treatment was repeated after 4 h to synchronize the cultures tightly. The synchronization was confirmed by observing smears prepared from the synchronized cultures.

Chaudhari R., Dey V., Narayan A., Sharma S, & Patankar S. (2017). Membrane and luminal proteins reach the apicoplast by different trafficking pathways in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PeerJ, 5, e3128.

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Culturing and Synchronizing P. falciparum 3D7

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P. falciparum 3D7 strain was cultured and maintained in human red blood cells (RBCs) using RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) 1640 medium supplemented with 0.5% Albumax (GibcoTM, Waltham, MA, USA), 50 mg/L hypoxanthine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2 g/L D-glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2 g/L sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 56 mg/L of gentamicin (Abbott, Chicago, IL, USA) at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ in a humidified incubator, according to the standard procedures [55 (link)]. Cultures presynchronised using 5% D-sorbitol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) to obtain predominantly the ring stage of the P. falciparum life cycle were used for the growth assays, as previously [56 (link)]. DHA (a gift from IPCA Laboratories, Mumbai, India) was used as a control. Growth assays in the absence and presence of inhibitors were performed using the HRP2 sandwich horseradish peroxidase-linked immunosorbent assay that measures HRP2 levels as an indicator of growth [39 (link),40 (link)].

Walunj S.B., Wang C., Wagstaff K.M., Patankar S, & Jans D.A. (2022). Conservation of Importin α Function in Apicomplexans: Ivermectin and GW5074 Target Plasmodium falciparum Importin α and Inhibit Parasite Growth in Culture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22), 13899.

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In Vivo Assessment of Gentamicin-PVA Efficacy

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Gentamicin (Abbott, India), PVA (Sigma Aldrich, India), Escherichia coli (E.coli) (National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Pune), L6 myoblast cells (National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Himedia, India), Fetal bovine serum (Gibco, India). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade. In vivo experiment was carried out in C. L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai, India. Animal use and the experimental protocols were approved by the institutional animal ethics committee (IAEC).

Venkatachalam G., Venkatesan N., Suresh G, & Doble M. (2019). Cyclic β-(1, 2)-glucan blended poly DL lactic co glycolic acid (PLGA 10:90) nanoparticles for drug delivery. Heliyon, 5(9), e02289.

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Spinal Cord Contusion Injury Protocol

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The MASCIS weight drop device was used to induce a moderate thoracic (T9) contusion injury [14 (link)]. A laminectomy was performed at the T8 thoracic vertebra prior to injury in order to expose the dorsal surface of the underlying spinal cord (T9) without perturbing the dura mater. The exposed spinal cord was then subjected to a moderate injury by dropping a 10 g rod from a height of 12.5 mm. Contusion impact height, velocity, and compression distance were monitored for all animals. Those which had height or velocity errors exceeding 6% or a compression distance that was not within a range of 1.25–1.75 mm were immediately excluded [3 (link), 15 (link)]. According to these injury parameter criteria no animals required exclusion from the study. Following injury, the muscles were sutured in layers and the skin was closed with metal wound clips. Animals were allowed to recover in warmed cages with easy access to food and water. Gentamicin (5 mg/kg; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL) was intramuscularly administered immediately after the surgery and repeated daily for 7 days. The analgesic buprenorphine (0.03 mg/kg; Reckitt Benckiser, Richmond, VA) was delivered subcutaneously following surgery and then daily for 2 days, accompanied by postoperative treatment as described previously [16 (link)].

Iorgulescu J.B., Patel S.P., Louro J., Andrade C.M., Sanchez A.R, & Pearse D.D. (2015). Acute Putrescine Supplementation with Schwann Cell Implantation Improves Sensory and Serotonergic Axon Growth and Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. Neural Plasticity, 2015, 186385.

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Gentamicin and Silymarin Biochemical Analysis

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Gentamicin and Silymarin was obtained from Abbott and Microlabs, India. The kits for all biochemical estimations were purchased from Transasia Biomedicals Ltd., India. The solvents and other chemicals used were of analytical grade.

Jedage H.D, & Manjunath K.P. (2016). Phytochemical, pharmacological evaluation of Morinda pubescens J.E.Sm. bark extract for nephroprotective activity. Ayu, 37(3-4), 244-249.

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Post-Surgical Rat Care and Recovery

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The rats were allowed to recover in a warmed cage with easy access to water and food. Gentamicin (5 mg/kg, intramuscular; Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL, USA) was administered immediately post-surgery and then daily for seven days. The analgesic Buprenex (0.03 mg/kg, subcutaneous; Reckitt Benckiser, Richmond, VA, USA) was delivered post-surgery and then daily for two days. Lactated Ringers (5 cc, subcutaneous) was given twice a day for seven days or longer if needed. Bladders were manually expressed by gentle abdominopelvic compression twice daily (Crede method) until bladder function returned. Animals had access to food and water ad libitum [55 (link)]. They were caged in pairs with Alpha Dri^® bedding (changed three times a week, Fort Worth, TX, USA) and were provided water bottles with long curved sipper tubes for easy access.

Pearse D.D., Bastidas J., Izabel S.S, & Ghosh M. (2018). Schwann Cell Transplantation Subdues the Pro-Inflammatory Innate Immune Cell Response after Spinal Cord Injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(9), 2550.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Chemical Compounds

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The following high grade chemicals were obtained commercially or as a generous gift: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA); raloxifene (Cipla Ltd., Goa, India); phosphorous, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), hydroxyproline (HP), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) kits (Span Diagnostic Pvt. Ltd.); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (Mediatech Inc., Manassas, VA, USA); xylazine (Indian Immunologicals Ltd., Hyderabad, India); ketamine (Neon Laboratories Limited, Thane, India); diclofenac (Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad, India); gentamicin (Abbott, Pitampur, India); DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) (HIMEDIA Co. Ltd., India); ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay kit (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA, Catalog Number MAK187); OxiSelect™ TAC Assay Kit (Cell Biolabs, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; Catalog Number: STA- 360); fetal bovine serum (Mediatech, Manassas, VA); penicillin streptomycin solution 100X (10,000 IU/mL penicillin and 10,000 μg/mL streptomycin) (Mediatech, Manassas, VA) were procured.

Satpathy S., Patra A., Hussain M.D., Kazi M., Aldughaim M.S, & Ahirwar B. (2021). A fraction of Pueraria tuberosa extract, rich in antioxidant compounds, alleviates ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis in rats and inhibits growth of breast and ovarian cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 16(1), e0240068.

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Antimicrobial Agents Preparation and Storage

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The antimicrobial agents used in the study were colistin (Cipla, India) and gentamicin (Abbott, India). The standard forms of the drugs were obtained, and stock solutions of the individual drugs were prepared as a twofold concentration of the final working concentration. The antibiotic solutions were then stored at 5°C until the time of use.

Sushmasri K., Joseph J., Chaurasia S.R., Ramachandran C, & Roy S. (2022). An experimental study to evaluate the effect of polymixin E (Colistin) alone or in combination with gentamicin in McCarey-Kaufman corneal preservation medium on various drug resistant bacterial and fungal isolates. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 70(8), 2950-2955.

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