For hypoxia (3% O2) experiments, hPASMCs were cultured in serum-free DMEM for 12 h before treatments and then placed in a Heracell Vios 150i CO2 incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 24 h. For the normoxia control, hPASMCs were cultured in normal incubators with 21% O2 for 24 h.
Transfections were performed using Lipofectamine® 3000 Transfection Reagent (L3000075, Invitrogen, CA, USA) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Short-interfering RNAs targeting SIK1 (SIK1 siRNA) (sense: 5′-CCACUUUGCUGCCAUUUAUTT-3′, antisense: 5′-AUAAAUGGCAGCAAAGUGGTT-3′) and a relative scrambled siRNA were designed and synthesized by GenePharma (China). Human YAP siRNA (sc-38637) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. SIK1 adenovirus (Ad SIK1) and null adenovirus (Ad null) were purchased from GeneChem (China). Ad SIK1 was used to overexpress SIK1.