Lunar prodigy advance encore

To assess clinical outcomes, the simple shoulder test (SST) score [14 (link)], University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score [15 (link)], American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score [16 (link)], Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) [17 (link)], and shoulder range of motion (ROM) were obtained in all patients before surgery and 6 months after surgery. During each visit, a research assistant measured the functional scores. A goniometer was utilized to measure ROM, including forward flexion and internal rotation. Internal rotation was inferred to as the highest vertebral level at which the tip of the thumb could reach. The vertebrae were numbered in series, from below the sacrum (0) to the fourth thoracic vertebra (14). ROM was measured by the same research assistant. BMD was preoperatively checked for all patients who was menopausal or aged above 60 years for women or above 75 years for men using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar Prodigy Advance, Encore, GE Medical System, Milwaukee, WI, USA). The lowest T-scores of the lumbar spine (L1–4) and proximal femur were recorded, excluding the value of ward area of the femur. A T-score of < −2.5 was defined as “osteoporosis”.

Body composition was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Lunar Prodigy Advance EnCore version 14.10.022, GE Medical Systems—Lunar, Madison, WI, USA) after overnight fasting. The participants were measured with their arms at their sides with minimal clothing (i.e., underwear). Their legs were secured by non-elastic straps at the ankles. All metal objects were removed from the participant before the scan. DXA measurements were used to record participants’ weight, fat percentage, fat-free mass (FFM), bone mineral density (BMD) and z-score. The z-scores compare BMD of individuals to age and sex-matched controls and was thus used in the present study as a measure of BMD. A z-score below −2.0 is low bone density, being, thus, below the expected range for age and sex, but in athletes, even −1.0 has been considered to warrant further investigation [19 (link)].