L malic acid

Tan IIA (purity > 98%), [U-¹³C]-glucose, l-serine, l-glycine, l-lactic acid, l-alanine, pyruvate, l-malic acid, succinate, fumarate, l-glutamic acid, citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, l-asparatic acid, and l-proline were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Recombinant human TGF-β1, Yefluor 488 EdU imaging kit, and cell cycle and apoptosis analysis kit were purchased from Yeasen (Shanghai, China). Sulforaphane (SFN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methoxyamine hydrochloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). d-glucose was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), minimum essential medium (MEM), and 0.25% trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Vazyme (Nanjing, China). SB 204990 was purchased from MedChemExpress (Princeton, NJ, USA). BTA was purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Glucose assay kit was purchased from Elabscience (Wuhan, China). Lactate assay kit was purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide was purchased from Acmec (Shanghai, China). Triton ×100, hoechst33342, antifade mounting medium and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China).