Bp 103i2

Before blood sampling, a single experienced physician measured systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) using an automated device (BP-103i2; OMRON COLIN, Tokyo, Japan) with an appropriate cuff size based on the upper arm circumference of each participant [29 (link)]. BP measurement was performed with participants in a quiet, sitting position for 5 min, with their back and left arm supported and both feet on the floor, at an appropriate ambient temperature as previously described [22 (link)]. The mean value of the two measurements was used for analysis. Non-fasting blood samples were collected by nurses. Total cholesterol (T-C) in serum was measured enzymatically using a commercially available kit (T-CHO-P·KL; Sysmex Co. Ltd., Kobe, Japan). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum were measured by the direct method using commercial kits (Cholestest LDL and Cholestest N HDL; Sekisui Medical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c: National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program) in the whole blood was measured by latex-agglutination test using a commercial kit (RAPIDIA® Auto HbA1c-L; Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan).

Height and weight were measured and used to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Blood pressure was measured twice with a standard auto sphygmomanometer (BP103i2, Omron, Kyoto, Japan). The mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressures from the second and third measurements were used for analysis. Blood for blood tests was drawn after the subjects had been fasting for at least 12 h.
Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg^{15 (link)} or the use of antihypertensive medication. Non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol was calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from serum total cholesterol. The National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program Method was used for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)^{16 (link)}. Diabetes mellitus was defined as HbA1c (NGSP value) ≥ 6.5%^{17 (link)} or the use of antidiabetic medication. Dyslipidaemia was defined as non-HDL cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dL¹⁸ or the use of antilipidaemic medication.