Dulbecco s modified eagle medium dmem with glucose 4.5 g l 1

Cd(NO₃)₂ was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM with glucose 4.5 g L⁻¹), trypsin-EDTA, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), glutamine, nonessential amino acids, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). SOD, LDH, AKP, and GSH-Px testing kits were obtained from Nanjing KeyGen Biotech. Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China). All of the other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade purchased from local chemical suppliers. All reagents were prepared with deionized water (≤0.1 μS/cm) using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA). All laboratory glassware used in the experiments were soaked in 10% HNO₃ for 24 h and subsequently rinsed with deionized water and air-dried.

Cd (NO₃)₂ was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Porcine pepsin, pancreatin, bile salts, and 3[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM with glucose 4.5 gL⁻¹), trypsin-EDTA, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). All enzymes testing kits were purchased from Nanjing KeyGen Biotech. Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).