For viral titration, the tissue homogenate supernatants were titrated on Vero-E6 cells by classical plaque assays using semisolid overlays (Avicel, RC581-NFDR080I, DuPont) and expressed and PFU/100 mg of tissue62 .
For RNA isolation, the tissue homogenate supernatants were mixed with Trizol LS (Invitrogen) and the total RNA from nasal turbinates was extracted using the Direct-zol RNA MicroPrep Kit (Zymo Research) and from lungs with the (Zymo Research). The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in these samples was evaluated by Superscript III Platinum One-Step RT-qPCR (Invitrogen) containing the nCoV_IP2 and the nCoV_IP2 probe (S.Table 2) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Viral load quantification (RNA copy number/mg of tissue) was assessed by linear regression using a standard curve of RNA transcripts containing the RdRp sequence (ranging from 107 to 102 copies).