NaHA was dissolved in PBS to prepare 0.5% (w/w) solution with or without 3% (w/v) and 6% (w/v) albumin or HES, and left for 24 h to solidify with gentle stirring at room temperature. Dynamic shear moduli of each NaHA solution were measured by small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments over the frequency range of 0.1–10 Hz with a rotational rheometer (HAAKE Viscotester iQ Air, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a Peltier temperature control module kept at 37 °C. The software HAAKE RheoWin (ver. 4.86, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to determine storage (G′) and loss (G″) shear moduli of NaHA solution at each frequency. Cone geometry with a diameter of 6 cm and core angle of 2° was used. Prior to frequency sweep experiments, strain amplitude was confirmed by strain sweep experiments to be sufficiently small to provide a linear material response at all investigated frequencies. A solvent trap was used to avoid evaporation of samples during experiments. Experiments were carried out at least six times.
Haake rheowin
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The HAAKE RheoWin is a rheological software package designed for advanced material characterization. It provides a comprehensive suite of tools for data acquisition, analysis, and reporting of rheological properties. The software is compatible with a wide range of Thermo Scientific rheometers and viscometers, enabling users to conduct in-depth investigations of the flow and deformation behavior of various materials.
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5 protocols using haake rheowin
1
Viscoelastic Properties of NaHA Hydrogels
2
Rheological and Dielectric Properties of Liquid Dielectrics
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The rheological properties of the liquid dielectrics were determined using a modular advanced rheometer [HAAKE Modular Advanced Rheometer System (MARS) III, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA] equipped with a coaxial cylinder geometry with an inner diameter of 32 mm [CC25 Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) Ti and CCB25 DIN, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA]. The instrument was controlled using the software HAAKE RheoWin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Samples were placed in the cup at room temperature 21°C with a gap of 5.3 mm between the cylinder and cup, and the dynamic viscosity was measured as a function of shear rate sweeping from a low frequency of 0.1 s−1 to a high frequency of 1000 s−1.
The dielectric properties of the dielectric fluids were determined using a high-resolution dielectric spectrometer (Novocontrol Alpha-A frequency analyzer, Germany) equipped with a liquid sample cell (BDS 1308), 100-μm fused silica electrode spacer, and measured along the range of 1 mHz to 70 kHz at a fixed temperature of 21°C.
The dielectric properties of the dielectric fluids were determined using a high-resolution dielectric spectrometer (Novocontrol Alpha-A frequency analyzer, Germany) equipped with a liquid sample cell (BDS 1308), 100-μm fused silica electrode spacer, and measured along the range of 1 mHz to 70 kHz at a fixed temperature of 21°C.
3
Rheological Characterization of Polymer Blends
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To be able to describe the print behavior of the polymers and blends used, the rheological properties were investigated (n = 1). The viscosity was measured with a Modular Advanced Rheometer System (HAAKE MARS 60, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Samples of 500 mg each were weighed in. The gap was adjusted to 1 mm and an angular speed of 6.3 rad/s was set. A temperature range was scanned to be able to follow the viscosity curve of the polymers. This range covered the print temperature used. The data was recorded with HAAKE RheoWin (4.87.0006, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA) with a frequency of 1 Hz. For the measurements, the API was replaced with mannitol to reduce the toxicity profile of the mixtures.
4
Rheological, Surface, and Conductivity Analysis of CuO-doped PU
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The measurements of viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity helped to determine the influence of different dimensions and concentrations of the CuO particles on the properties of the PU solution. Rheological properties were measured using a Rheometer HAAKE Roto Visco 1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 23 °C. The measuring part of the device consists of a rotary disc and stationary plate with a working gap of 1.45 mm. A drop of the polymer solution is deposited on the stationary plate. The rotary disc is immersed into the solution. The required force to overcome the resistance to rotation is measured during the disk’s rotation. The measured data were processed by the software Haake RheoWin® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), which consists of two units. The surface tension of pristine and modified solutions was measured by the bubble pressure method. The measurement was provided by a portable bubble tensiometer PocketDyne (KRUSS Scientific Instruments, Matthews, NC, USA). The conductivity was investigated using a CyberScan CON 510 conductivity meter (EUTECH instruments, Singapore).
5
Viscosity Analysis of Chyme Samples
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The dynamic viscosity was determined in the chyme samples obtained from the in vitro digestion of model breads. The rheometer (Haake MARS 60, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) was equipped with a circulating thermostat (F32-ME, Julabo GmbH, Seelbach, Germany) and a cone/plate measurement system (diameter = 50 mm, 1° cone angle, measurement gap: 0.052 mm, sample volume: 1 mL). The sample chamber was conditioned to 37 °C by Peltier temperature control modules to simulate human body temperature.
After loading the sample, the measuring system moved to the trim position (measurement gap plus 0.01 mm) and then to the measuring position. The sample was tempered to 37 °C for 120 s at a shear rate ɣ∴ of 0.000 1/s. Measurements were performed using CR (controlled rate) rotation and for the shear rate ramp the parameters ɣ∴ = 0.001 1/s (Ω = 0.0001677 1/min) to ɣ∴ = 100.0 1/s (Ω = 16.77 1/min) were applied with logarithmic data acquisition and continuous display for 100 s. Evaluation of the dynamic viscosity η was carried out using the software Haake RheoWin (version 4.87.0010, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany).
After loading the sample, the measuring system moved to the trim position (measurement gap plus 0.01 mm) and then to the measuring position. The sample was tempered to 37 °C for 120 s at a shear rate ɣ∴ of 0.000 1/s. Measurements were performed using CR (controlled rate) rotation and for the shear rate ramp the parameters ɣ∴ = 0.001 1/s (Ω = 0.0001677 1/min) to ɣ∴ = 100.0 1/s (Ω = 16.77 1/min) were applied with logarithmic data acquisition and continuous display for 100 s. Evaluation of the dynamic viscosity η was carried out using the software Haake RheoWin (version 4.87.0010, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany).
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