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14 protocols using mouse tnf α elisa ready set go

1

Cytokine ELISA Quantification Protocol

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For the IL‐6 and TNF‐α ELISAs, mouse IL‐6 ELISA Ready‐SET‐Go! and mouse TNF‐α ELISA Ready‐SET‐go! kits (both eBioscience, San Diego, USA), respectively, were used according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, the supernatant was collected from each OHSC during every media change (3 times), and these samples were combined before use. ELISA 96‐well plates (Microlon, Greiner, Frickenhausen, Germany) were incubated overnight at 4°C with capture antibody solution in 1× coating buffer. The plate was washed with 1× PBS supplemented with 0.05% tween 20, blocked with 1× assay diluent for 1 h and then washed again. Afterward, cytokine standards and samples were applied and they were incubated for 2 h. After the plates were washed, they were incubated with a detection antibody dilution in 1× assay diluent for 1 h, followed by an additional washing step. Streptavidin‐HRP was incubated for 30 minutes in 1× assay diluent. Before incubation of the plates in tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate, they were washed 2 times. After 15 minutes, the reaction was stopped using 5% H2SO4 (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany). Absorbance was measured at 450 nm using a plate reader (Infinite M200, Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland).
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2

Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages

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BOT-4-one was provided by Sang-Kyu Ye and Byung-Hak Kim (Seoul National University of College of Medicine, South Korea)17 (link). Penicillin-streptomycin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), opti-MEM, and RPMI 1640 were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). IL-1β antibody (AF401)8 and IL-1β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Antibodies against ASC (AL177)8 , NLRP3 (Cryo-2)8 , and caspase-1 (clone Casper-1)8 were purchased from Adipogen (San Diego, CA, USA). β-actin (sc-1616)43 (link) and ubiquitin (sc-8017)37 (link) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Monosodium urate (MSU) crystal, Bay11-7082, silica crystal, nigericin, flagellin from S. typhimurium, poly(dAdT), Pam3CSK4, and zVAD-FMK were purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). Mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-SET-Go was purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). A western blot chemiluminescence reagent kit was purchased from Pierce Chemical (Rockford, IL, USA). Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and nitrocellulose membrane were purchased from Millipore Corporation (Bedford, MA, USA). LPS (Escherichia. coli 026:B6 and 011:B4), 3,4-methylenedioxy-β-nitrostyrene, and ATP were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA). All other chemicals used were of the highest quality among those that are commercially available.
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3

Colorectal Cancer Tissue Analysis

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DSS (Molecular weight 36,000-50,000 kDa) was obtained from MP Biomedicals (catalog no. 02160110). Hemoccult Test Kit was obtained from Beckman Coulter. Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail was from Roche.
Primary antibodies used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting (WB) were: mouse anti-actin (Millipore MAB1501R, diluted 1:1000 for WB), mouse anti-β-catenin (BD Transduction Laboratories #610154, diluted 1:1000 for IHC and 1:2000 for WB), rabbit anti-Ki67 (Abcam Ab15580, diluted 1:500 for IHC), rabbit anti-EGFR phosphorylated at Tyr1068 (Abcam Ab40815, diluted 1:200 for IHC). Rabbit anti-PACS-2 18193 was previously described [21 (link)], and was diluted 1:1000 for WB.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits used for analysis of ex vivo colonic tissue culture supernatants were mouse amphiregulin DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems DY989) and mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-SET Go! (eBioscience 88-7324).
The primers used for Pacs2 genotyping were 5′-ATG CAT ACC TGC CCT TAG CAG AGG-3′, 5′-TGG AGT CTG AGG TTG AGG CCT TGA G-3′, and 5′-ATG GCG TTA CTT AAG CTA GCT TGC-3′. Primers for ApcMin/+ genotyping were 5′-GCC ATC CCT TCA CGTTAG-3′, 5′-TTC CAC TTT GGC ATA AGG C-3′ and 5′-TTC TGA GAA AGA CAG AAG TTA-3′. All primers were obtained from TAG Copenhagen.
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4

Isolation and Stimulation of Murine Immune Cells

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Isolation and culture of lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and mesenteric lymph node cells (MLN) were carried out as previously reported (Shih et al., 2011 (link)) MLN and LPMC were plated at 2.5 × 105 cells/well in 96 well plates in RPMI 1640 medium (cellgro) with 10% fetal calf serum, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml gentamycin, 2 mM L-glutamine and stimulated with 2 µL/ml LK Activation cocktail for 4 h. The expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in cell supernatants were assayed by ELISA according to manufacturer’s instructions (Mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-Set-Go, eBioscience, 88–7324-77; Mouse IL-1β ELISA Ready-SET-Go, eBioscience, 88–7013-77; Mouse IL-6 ELISA Ready-SET-Go, eBioscience, 88–7064-77).
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5

CD4+ T Cell Proliferation Assay

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As previously reported (Tobar et al., 2006 ). Isolated CD4+ T cells were isolated using the EasySep™ Mouse CD4+ T Cell Isolation kit (Stem Cell) from spleen from OT-II/RAG2 mice and stained with Cell Trace CSFE (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to manufacturer’s recommendations. CFSE stained cells were co-cultured (1BMM to 4 CD4+ T cells) with either Atg16l1f/f or Atg16l1 deficient BMDCs that were exposed to whole OVA or OVA peptide 323–339 for 6 h. Cells from 72 h co-cultures were collected and stained with CD4 GK1.5 (Biolegend) and Live-Dead stain (Fisher Scientific). After gating on live CD4+ T cells, CFSE staining was analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the CD4+ T cell proliferation. Cells were also stained with MCHII (Biolegend), CD86 (Biolegend) and D80 (Biolegend) to detect the activity of those cells. The expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in cell supernatants were assayed by ELISA according to manufacturer’s instructions (Mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-Set-Go, eBioscience, 88–7324-77; Mouse IL-1β ELISA Ready-SET-Go, eBioscience, 88–7013-77).
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6

Cytokine Quantification by ELISA

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Cytokines in cell culture supernatant were measured by sandwich ELISA. Microtiter plates (Costar EIA/RIA plates, Corning Incorporated, USA) were coated with cytokine specific antibody. Interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were measured according to the manufacturer's instruction of OptEIA mouse IL-10 Set (BD Biosciences, USA) and mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-Set-Go (eBioscience, USA). For IL-6 assay plates were coated with monoclonal rat anti-IL-6 antibodies (BD Biosciences, USA) followed by blocking with 3% low fat milk (IL-6). Recombinant IL-6 (eBioscience, USA) and cell culture supernatant was added into the plates followed by biotinylated rat anti-mouse IL-6 antibody (eBioscience, USA), and streptavidin-HRP (Vector Laboratories, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (Sigma Aldrich, USA) in the presence of chromogenic dye TMB (BioLegend, USA) was used to develop colorimetric reaction. The reaction was stopped with 2 M sulfuric acid (POCH Gliwice, Poland) and the optical density was measured at 450 (570) nm using the microtiter plate reader (PowerWaveX, Bio-Tek Instruments, Winooski, VT).
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7

Murine BMDM Cytokine Assay

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Primary bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were obtained from C57BL/6J mice which were maintained under standard specific pathogen-free conditions. BMDMs were differentiated for six days in DMEM (Gibco) containing 10% FCS, Penicillin/Streptomycin (Gibco), 0.1 mM 2-Mercaptoethanol (Gibco) and L929-conditioned medium. On day 6, BMDMs were seeded in 96-well plates at 2.5x104 cells per well in 50 μL culture medium (differentiation medium without L929 supernatants), followed by incubation at 37 °C for 4 h. Cells were incubated with compounds (25 μL of a 4X stock per well) for 2 h followed by stimulation with LPS (ultra-pure LBS-EB from Invivogen, 100 ng/mL final concentration) dispersed in culture medium (25 μL per well) for 18 h. After LPS stimulation, the cell culture medium was removed and clarified by centrifugation for 5 min at 400 × g. Concentrations of TNFα or IL-10 in the supernatants were determined using mouse TNFα ELISA ready-set-go (eBioscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. BMDMs were detached with 5 mM EDTA in PBS, transferred to a white plate and viability was assessed using the CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay (Promega) following to the manufacturer’s instructions. Experiments were performed in biological duplicates and technical triplicates.
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8

Measuring Cytokine Responses in Immune Cells

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For cytokine measurement in culture supernatants, 1 × 106 total BMDCs, 5 × 104 FACS-purified pDCs, 1 × 105 CAL-1 or 3 × 106 PBMCs were left untreated or pre-treated for 1 h with the SFKs inhibitor PP2 (EMD Millipore), the inhibitor bafetinib (Adooq, Irvine, CA, USA) or the equivalent concentration of DMSO control, followed by 15 h in media in presence or absence of 0.1 μM CpG-B ODN 1668 (Roche), 1 μM CpG-A ODN 2216, 100 μM loxoribine (mouse cells) or 1 μg ml−1 R848 (human cells) (all from InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA).
Mouse type I IFN bioactivity was measured with reference to a recombinant mouse IFN-β standard (Research Diagnostics, Concord, MA, USA) using a L-929 cell line transfected with an interferon-sensitive luciferase. Human type I IFN bioactivity was measured with reference to a recombinant human IFN-β standard (InvivoGen) using HEK-Blue IFN-α/β cell line (InvivoGen). Mouse serum IFN-α, mouse and human TNF were measured, respectively, by luminescent ELISA (LumiKine mIFN-α, InvivoGen) or by ELISA (Mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-SET-Go!, eBioscience, and Human TNF-α ELISA MAX, Biolegend) as described in the manufacturer's protocol.
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9

Cell Viability and Cytokine Assay

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All chemicals were of analytical grade. The Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and RPMI-1640 culture media were purchased from Sigma® (St. Louis, MO, USA) and the fetal bovine serum from Cultilab® (Campinas, SP, Brazil). The reagent 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma® (St. Louis, MO, USA). For the TNF-α release assay, the commercial kit “Mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-SET-Go!” (EBioscience®, San Diego, CA, USA) was used.
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10

Microglia Activation and Cytokine Regulation

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Isolated microglia were plated at density of 3 × 104 cells per well on PDL-coated plates. For the assays using inhibitors or antagonists, microglia were pretreated with H-89 (protein kinase A, downstream inhibitor of Gαs; Sigma-Aldrich), UBO-QIC (Gq inhibitor)40 (link), Y-27632 (Rho-associated coiled-coil-forming kinase; downstream inhibitor of Gα12/13; Sigma-Aldrich), and JTE907 (CB2-selective antagonist; TOCRIS, Bristol, UK) for 1 hour; with PTX (Gi inhibitor; Wako, Tokyo, Japan) for 6 hours; or with suramin (P2 receptor antagonist; Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min. After pretreatment, microglia were treated with OAD (Sigma-Aldrich) overnight, and then stimulated with 5 ng/ml of LPS (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.5 ng/ml of IFN-γ (R&D Systems, MN, USA) for 12 hours. CP-55940 (Sigma-Aldrich), MRS2365 (TOCRIS), LysoPS (P2Y10 agonist12 (link)), P2Y10-selective agonist41 (link) or OAD analogs, including tOAD (Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, Canada), oleic acid (Wako, Osaka, Japan), OEtA (Cayman Chemical, MI, USA), OEA (Cayman Chemical), and PEA (Cayman Chemical), were tested as agonists for each GPCR. The concentration of TNF-α in the culture supernatant was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Mouse TNF-α ELISA Ready-SET-Go (eBioscience, CA, USA).
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