Fesem

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Czechia, Japan

The FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope) is a high-resolution imaging instrument that utilizes a field emission electron source to produce a narrowly focused electron beam. This electron beam is scanned across the surface of a sample, allowing for the capture of detailed topographical and compositional information at the nanoscale level.

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Lab products found in correlation

Apreo lovac, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ftir, by Bruker (2 mentions) Ag is, by Shimadzu (2 mentions) Em ace200, by Leica camera (2 mentions) Dsa20, by Krüss (1 mentions) Pw 3040 00xpert mpd system, by Philips (1 mentions) Asap 2460, by Micromeritics (1 mentions) Jfc 1100, by JEOL (1 mentions) Q150t es sputter coater, by Quorum Technologies (1 mentions) Leica em uc7 ultramicrotome, by Leica camera (1 mentions) Thermo escalab 250, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Nano zs90, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions) Merlin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) X pert diffractometer, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions) Quanta 3d feg, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Jem arm200f system, by JEOL (1 mentions) Filmtracer sypro ruby, by Zeiss (1 mentions) Thermomixer, by Eppendorf (1 mentions) Lb broth, by Corning (1 mentions) Costar 3524, by Corning (1 mentions)

41 protocols using fesem

Characterization of PUPM Surface Microstructure

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The surface microstructures of the PUPM were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, FEI, USA) with an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. The main chemical constituents of the PUPM were identified by using FESEM-energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The contact angle (CA) and rolling angle (RA) of each sample were investigated by using a contact angle meter (DSA20, Kruss, Germany) to analyze the wettability of the sample surface. The droplet volume was 4 μL and the shown contact angle of each sample was the average value of contact angles measured in five different positions. The tensile performances of the PUPM were measured by using an electronic universal testing machine (UTM4203, Kason, China). The stretching distance applied to the samples with dimensions of 10 × 100 × 2 mm³ was 100 mm, and the stretching speed applied was 100 mm min⁻¹. The average value was taken from five samples in each group.

Xue M., Zhou D., Ji Y., Xie Y., Li C, & Zhao J. (2020). The polydopamine-enhanced superadhesion and fracture strength of honeycomb polyurethane porous membranes. RSC Advances, 10(3), 1639-1647.

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Cellular Morphology Analysis by FESEM

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Cellular attachment and morphology were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (FEI Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA) [27 (link)]. Samples were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and refrigerated overnight at 4 °C. After refrigeration, each sample was rinsed three times with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution, and post-fixation was carried out with 2% osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) [41 (link)]. In the following steps, the samples were dehydrated in an ethanolic series with one time 30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, and three times with 100% ethanol, respectively. Post-dehydration, hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) was added to each sample top, and the well plates were kept overnight inside a desiccator for drying, per our previous work [24 (link)]. The dried samples were gold coated and analyzed under the FESEM.

Bhattacharjee A., Bandyopadhyay A, & Bose S. (2022). Plasma sprayed fluoride and zinc doped hydroxyapatite coated titanium for load-bearing implants. Surface & coatings technology, 440, 128464.

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Monolithic Starch Cryogel Preparation and Characterization

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The monolithic starch cryogel column was prepared following the procedures in our previous works [12 (link),27 (link),28 (link)]. The gel precursor was prepared with the gelatinization of rice flour (12.5 g) and tapioca starch (3.75 g) in limewater (130 mL). The resulting solution (80 g) was transferred into a plastic syringe (volume: 50 mL, diameter: 3 cm, and length: 10 cm) and frozen overnight at −20 °C. Thereafter, the product was naturally thawed at room temperature for 3 h before undergoing three freeze–thaw cycles. The obtained monolithic cryogel was taken out of its container, cut into appropriate sizes (2.5, 5, and 7.5 cm in length), and returned into a plastic syringe prior to use.
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, FEI, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) was implemented to examine the topography and elemental composition of the cryogel before and after MB adsorption. The functional-group composition of the material was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Bruker, Bremen, Germany) with the KBr pellet method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted using an X-ray diffractometer (Empyrean, PANalytical, Netherlands) with monochromatic Cu Kα radiation.

Taweekarn T., Wongniramaikul W., Sriprom W., Limsakul W, & Choodum A. (2023). Continuous-Flow System for Methylene Blue Removal Using a Green and Cost-Effective Starch Single-Rod Column. Polymers, 15(19), 3989.

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Characterization of Ti, TNrs, and Fe3O4-TNrs

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Ti, TNrs, and Fe₃O₄-TNrs were cleaned with distilled water and dried in a vacuum, conductive tape was used to paste them tidily on the base. After spraying gold on the surface of the samples to be tested, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) (FEI, USA) was utilized to observe and photograph the characteristics of the surface nanostructures, energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) was used to analyze all the elements contained in the tested samples. The surfaces of TNrs and Fe₃O₄-TNrs were carefully scraped with a blade, and the scraped substances were respectively put into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and vibrated for 15 min. A drop of solution from each group was taken and placed on the carbon support membrane of the copper mesh matched with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Philips, N.V.), After it was naturally dried at room temperature, the above dripping operation was repeated twice, then the nano column structure and its internal molecular micromorphology were observed and photographed by using TEM.

Ren R., Guo J., Song H., Wei Y., Luo C., Zhang Y., Chen L., Gao B., Fu J, & Xiong W. (2023). A novel implant surface modification mode of Fe3O4-containing TiO2 nanorods with sinusoidal electromagnetic field for osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Materials Today Bio, 19, 100590.

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Dissolution Behavior and Mechanical Stability of Tissue Engineered Grafts

Cited 1 time

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Dissolution study of the fabricated grafts was performed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at physiological pH. Previously published methods were followed to prepare the SBF solution [6 (link)]. Grafts were immersed in 5 mL SBF followed by incubation at 37 °C shaker (150 rpm speed) for 1, 3, and 6 weeks. After every 3 days, the solution was replaced with a new SBF. The dried samples after dissolution were characterized for compressive strength analysis. Smaller size grafts with an average height of 3.9 ± 0.2 mm, and a diameter of 10.7 ± 0.3 mm were used for microstructural characterization after dissolution. The microstructural changes at each time point were assessed with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (FEI Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA). To assess the stability of grafts in post-surgical acidic microenvironments, another set of smaller grafts was tested at pH 5 for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 5 days, and 7 days.

Bhattacharjee A, & Bose S. (2022). 3D printed hydroxyapatite – Zn2+ functionalized starch composite bone grafts for orthopedic and dental applications. Materials & design, 221, 110903.

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Scaffold Surface Morphology Analysis

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Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (FEI Inc.,
Hillsboro, OR, USA) was used to characterize surface morphologies of all
scaffolds to observe phase dissolution after release. Before performing
FESEM, the scaffolds are left to dry at room temperature for 72 hours. Then,
they were gold coated using a sputter-coater (Technics Hummer V, CA,
USA).

Bose S., Sarkar N, & Banerjee D. (2018). Effects of PCL, PEG and PLGA polymers on curcumin release from calcium phosphate matrix for in vitro and in vivo bone regeneration. Materials today. Chemistry, 8, 110-120.

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Bacterial Morphology Analysis by FESEM

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The bacterial morphology was determined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (FEI Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA). The sample fixation was done with 2% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer followed by overnight refrigeration at 4 °C. Post refrigeration, each sample was rinsed with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution, and post-fixation was done with 2% osmium tetroxide (OsO₄). The ethanolic dehydration series (30%, 50%, 70%, 95%, and 100% thrice) was conducted followed by overnight hexamethyldisilane (HMDS) drying inside a desiccator. Further, the gold coating on top of the sample surface was carried out using a sputter gold coater.

Samra Z., Kaufmann L., Zeharia A., Ashkenazi S., Amir J., Bahar J., Reischl U, & Naumann L. (1999). Optimal Detection and Identification of Mycobacterium haemophilum in Specimens from Pediatric Patients with Cervical Lymphadenopathy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 37(3), 832-834.

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Monolithic Starch Cryogel Preparation and Characterization

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Characterization of Sintered β-TCP Scaffolds

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Phase analysis of sintered β -TCP scaffolds was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a Philips PW 3040/00 Xpert MPD system (Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) with CuK_α radiation and a Ni filter. Samples were scanned over a range of 20 and 60 degrees at a step size of 0.02 degree and count time of 0.5s per step. Phase percentage of α-TCP in the sintered scaffolds was determined from the relative intensity ratio of the corresponding major phases using the following relationship:^{44 , 11 (link)}

Percent of the phase to be determined = Relative intensity ratio of the phase \times 100

\begin{array}{l} Relative intensity ratio = \frac{Intensity of the major peak of the phase to be determined}{\sum Intensity of major peaks of all phases present} \end{array}

Microstructures of sintered samples were taken by using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) (FEI Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA). Pore size was estimated from those images. Grain size was calculated via mean lineal intercept length method per ASTM Standard E 112–88. Back scattered SEM images were used for PCL coating on β-TCP. Apparent density of scaffolds was measured using Archimedes’ principle. Compressive strength was measured using a screw-driven universal testing machine (AG-IS, Shimadzu, Japan) with a constant crosshead speed of 0.33 mm/min and a load cell of 50 KN. Mechanical data was presented as mean ± standard deviation based on five samples.

Ke D., Dernell W., Bandyopadhyay A, & Bose S. (2014). Doped Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds by Thermal Decomposition of Naphthalene: Mechanical Properties and In vivo Osteogenesis in a Rabbit Femur Model. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials, 103(8), 1549-1559.

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Cry-CSH Morphology and Adsorption Analysis

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Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; FEI, Brno, Czech Republic) was used to investigate the Cry–CSH’s morphology both before and after phosphate adsorption. Using monochromatic Cu Kα radiation, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were produced using an X-ray diffractometer (Empyrean, PANalytical, The Netherlands). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR; Bruker, Germany) was used to examine the functional groups of adsorptive materials using the ATR technique and KBr pellets at 4000–400 cm⁻¹.

Phawachalotorn C., Wongniramaikul W., Taweekarn T., Kleangklao B., Pisitaro W., Limsakul W., Sriprom W., Towanlong W, & Choodum A. (2023). Continuous Phosphate Removal and Recovery Using a Calcium Silicate Hydrate Composite Monolithic Cryogel Column. Polymers, 15(3), 539.

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