The cCNF containing quaternary ammonium groups was provided by Betulium Ltd., Finland. The average degree of substitution provided by the manufacturer was 0.1, determined as the amount of substituted glucose units or 0.63 mmol/g of cationic groups. Al2(SO4)3 • 18 H2O, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (>97%) and Al2(SO4)3 • 14 H2O from Aqua Nova Oy (technical grade, >90%). Chemicals used to prepare simulated freshwater (NaCl, MgSO4, KNO3, NaHCO3, and CaCl2), AgNO3, and NaBH4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The water was prepared by dissolving the chemicals into Milli-Q water (Millipore) to achieve the ion composition typical for freshwaters and the pH was adjusted to 7.2–7.4 with 6 M HCl. The composition of Cl−90ppm water was formulated using the natural drinking water composition from Sankar et al. as a basis, omitting the silicate and fluoride and with the addition of carbonates19 (link). Due to this, the chloride and magnesium concentrations are lower than those used by Sankar et al. The addition of 1% culture medium with bacteria inoculation resulted in higher sodium and chloride concentrations in Cl−120ppm+nutrient compared to Cl−90ppm.
Al2 so4 3 18h2o
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in India, Germany
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O is a chemical compound commonly known as aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water. The compound is used in various industrial and laboratory applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Agno3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Nh4no3, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Milli q water, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nahco3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nabh4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cacl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Mgso4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ni no3 2 6h2o, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rucl3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium tartrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Co nh2 2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fumaric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Monowave 300, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
Colloidal silica, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Niso4 6h2o, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fecl3 6h2o, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ascorbic acid vitamin c, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hgcl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
7 protocols using al2 so4 3 18h2o
1
Cationic Cellulose Nanofibers for Water Purification
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Organometallic Compounds
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Analytical reagents used in the experiments were bought from Sigma Aldrich: Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, sodium tartrate, CO(NH2)2, NH4NO3, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, RuCl3, ethanol, 4-nitrostyrene (4-NS), 4-aminostyrene, 4-nitroethylbenzene, 4-aminoethylbenzene, and nitrobenzene, styrene. Purified water was adopted in all the experiments.
3
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of MIL-53(Al) MOF
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Powdered MIL-53(Al)a,t min ([Al(OH)(C4H2O4)]) samples were synthesized using a microwave-assisted solvothermal method in an Anton Paar Monowave 300 microwave oven.25 ,26 For a general procedure, a 30 mL glass microwave vial was charged with Al2(SO4)3·18H2O (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), fumaric acid (99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and urea (≥99.5%, Ajax). Thereafter, Milli-Q water (18 MΩ) was introduced. The mixture was heated with magnetic stirring (600 rpm) to 130 °C within 1 min, and held at this temperature for a desired period of time before cooling to 55 °C within 2 min. The precipitates were vacuum filtered, and repeatedly washed with ethanol to remove the unreacted chemicals. The resulting powder was dried in vacuo. In this work, a series of different stoichiometric ratios (a) and reaction time (t, by default 30 min) were investigated for MIL-53(Al)a,t min synthesis. Detailed information is given in the Section 3.1. A summary of the reaction conditions is provided in Table S1.†
4
Synthesis of Metal-Doped ZSM-5 Zeolites
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Zeolites were obtained by sol–gel method using aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, Merck Chemical Co.) and Colloidal Silica (40 wt% SiO2, Aldrich Chemical Co.) as Al and Si sources, respectively. The molar composition of the synthesized zeolites was 100SiO2: 0.125Al2O3: 0.125M2O3: 0.1TPAOH: 0.19Na2O: 0.205NH4F: 32H2O (M = Fe, Mn, Zn, Ga and Al) and Si/(Al + M) = 200 for all samples. The zeolites were crystalized dynamically at 160 °C for 40 h followed by drying and calcination in the temperature range of 120–550 °C for 14 h to avoid forming defects and large crystals. H-ZSM-5 was obtained by ion-exchanging the powder with NH4NO3 (1 M) at 80 °C two times, followed by calcination at 600 °C following the same temperature programming.
5
Trace Metal Analysis Protocol
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Urea was received from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), trisodium citrate, quinine sulfate dehydrate, MnSO4·H2O, HgCl2, CuSO4·5H2O, Pb(OOCCH3)2·3H2O, NiSO4·6H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, CoCl2·6H2O, NaCl, FeCl3·6H2O, Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, AgNO3, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) were procured from Merck Specialties Private Limited, India. Double distilled water was used throughout the experiments.
6
Synthesis of Zeolite Catalysts
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The materials used in the synthesis of zeolite catalysts were laboratory-grade and of high purity, which include: sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Merck Co.), aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3·18H2O, Merck Co.), Colloidal Silica (40 wt% SiO2, Merck Co.), tetraethyleammonium bromide (C8H20NBr, Merck Co.), deionized water, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, Merck Co.).
The molar composition of the precursor solution was: 100SiO2 : xAl2O3 : 20TPA : 10Na2O : 20.5NH4F : 2000H2O (x = 2.5, 1.25, 0.83, 0.625, 0.3125, and 0.1562. From here on, they are referred to as Z20 (Si/Al = 20), Z40 (Si/Al = 40), Z60 (Si/Al = 60), Z80 (Si/Al = 80), Z160 (Si/Al = 160) and Z320 (Si/Al = 320), respectively). TEABr (tetraethylammonium bromide) was used as the template. After all the materials were mixed properly under 500 rpm at room temperature, the solution was aged for 24 h. The mixture was then transferred to an autoclave equipped with a Teflon liner, in which it was crystallized at 145 °C for 120 h. Then the resulting mixture is washed thoroughly (until reaching neutral pH) with deionized water. After drying at 105 °C overnight, the powder was calcinated at 550 °C for 4 h. Finally, ion exchange with 2.0 M NH4NO3 solution was performed two times for 10 min at 85 °C to remove sodium from the zeolite structure, then it was washed and filtered, and after drying, it was calcined at 550 °C for 4 h.
The molar composition of the precursor solution was: 100SiO2 : xAl2O3 : 20TPA : 10Na2O : 20.5NH4F : 2000H2O (x = 2.5, 1.25, 0.83, 0.625, 0.3125, and 0.1562. From here on, they are referred to as Z20 (Si/Al = 20), Z40 (Si/Al = 40), Z60 (Si/Al = 60), Z80 (Si/Al = 80), Z160 (Si/Al = 160) and Z320 (Si/Al = 320), respectively). TEABr (tetraethylammonium bromide) was used as the template. After all the materials were mixed properly under 500 rpm at room temperature, the solution was aged for 24 h. The mixture was then transferred to an autoclave equipped with a Teflon liner, in which it was crystallized at 145 °C for 120 h. Then the resulting mixture is washed thoroughly (until reaching neutral pH) with deionized water. After drying at 105 °C overnight, the powder was calcinated at 550 °C for 4 h. Finally, ion exchange with 2.0 M NH4NO3 solution was performed two times for 10 min at 85 °C to remove sodium from the zeolite structure, then it was washed and filtered, and after drying, it was calcined at 550 °C for 4 h.
7
Accelerated White Cement Formulation
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White cement 52.5R produced in Romania (composition: 95–100% clinker and 0–5% other components) and accelerators (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, Al2(SO4)3·18H2O and Na2S2O3·5H2O) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) were used for the preparation of the experimental cement-based materials. The samples were prepared with the same water/cement ratio of 0.4 and different proportions of accelerator (1–3%) according to Table 5 .
The level of the accelerator to be used for this study was determined by multiple tests ranging from 1% to 5% accelerators. In order to preserve the cement paste’s properties, the accelerator concentration range was set between 1% and 5%. Further study was conducted on concentrations that formed compact materials at the smallest concentrations.
The chemical analyses were conducted on the obtained materials at an age of 90 days, choosing this age to ensure that the hydration process was complete.
The level of the accelerator to be used for this study was determined by multiple tests ranging from 1% to 5% accelerators. In order to preserve the cement paste’s properties, the accelerator concentration range was set between 1% and 5%. Further study was conducted on concentrations that formed compact materials at the smallest concentrations.
The chemical analyses were conducted on the obtained materials at an age of 90 days, choosing this age to ensure that the hydration process was complete.
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