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27 protocols using scotchbond universal adhesive

1

Sandblasting and Etching for Metal-Composite Bonding

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For sandblasting of the surface of SSCs, 50μm aluminum oxide particles were used for 20 seconds in such a way that the lingual surface of SSCs was completely sandblasted (Fig. 1B). After MST, specimens were etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric (HF) acid for 20 seconds. By doing so, the metal surface was cleansed. Specimens were then rinsed and dried. Next, the following two bonding systems along with the composite resins recommended by the manufacturers were applied:

1- Scotchbond Universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal adhesive, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany).

2- Alloy Primer (Kuraray, Okayama, Japan) plus Clearfil SE Primer and Bond (Kuraray, Okayama, Japan)

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2

Adhesive and Resin Composite Bonding

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The materials used were for the adhesive protocol Scotchbond Universal Etchant ® and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive ® (3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, batch 70201139014) and Ceram X mono ® (Dentsply, Milford, Delaware, USA, batch 141000804) for the composite resin. The polymerization involved use of light Astralis 7 ® (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) for all samples. The irradiance tested with a curing radiometer was 750 mW/cm2, which was consistent during all procedures.
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3

Bonding of Universal Adhesives to Enamel

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The three universal adhesives used in this study were Adhese Universal (AU, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), All Bond Universal (AB, Bisco, Schaumburg, IL, USA), and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) (Table 1). A resin composite (Clearfil AP-X; Shade A2, Lot No. N416713, Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) was used as the restorative material for bonding to enamel. A visible-light curing unit (Optilux 501, Demetron/Kerr, Danbury, CT, USA) was connected to a variable-voltage transformer in order to keep the power density above 600 mW/cm 2 , the value was determined using a dental curing radiometer (Model 100, Demetron/Kerr).
The enamel slabs were adhered to acrylic resin (Tray Resin II, Shofu) blocks using a cyanoacrylate adhesive (Zapit, Dental Ventures of American, Anaheim, CA, USA). A piece of double-sided adhesive tape with a 4-mm-diameter hole was used to define the adhesive area of the enamel for bonding. Each adhesive was
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4

Comparative Evaluation of Dual-Cure Resin Cements

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Two dual-cure resin cements, Panavia V5 (V5) with Panavia V5 Tooth Primer (Tooth Primer) (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) and Rely X Ultimate (RXU) with Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU; 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were used. Each cement was dispensed from an auto-mixing syringe delivered by the manufacturer.
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5

Long-Term Evaluation of Scotchbond Universal

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The sample size calculation was based on the retention rates, postoperative sensitivity, adaptation, and marginal coloration of the Scotchbond Universal adhesive (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) for Class V restorations after 18 months [14 (link)], using α of 0.05 and a power of 80%. Thereby, the number of 50 teeth per group was determined to detect a difference of 20% in the tested groups.
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6

Comparing ART and Conventional Dental Restorations

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Participants will be randomly assigned into two different groups:

Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) (control): ART-restorations using high viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC) Ketac Molar EasyMix (3 M/ESPE) with manual dosage and hand-mix powder-liquid.

Conventional Treatment (CT) (experimental): composite resin restoration, Scotchbond™ Universal Adhesive (3 M/ESPE) and the Filtek Bulk Fill composite resin (3 M/ESPE).

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7

Bond Strength of Universal Adhesives

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The materials used in this study are listed in Table 1, and include the universal adhesives Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), G-Premio Bond (GP, GC, Tokyo, Japan), Adhese Universal (AU, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Lichtenstein), and All-Bond Universal (AB, Bisco Dental Products, Schaumburg, IL, USA). Bond strengths were determined for the resin composite Clearfil AP-X (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan).
Resin specimens were cured using a visible light curing unit (Optilux 501, Kerr, Danbury, CT, USA), and the power density (about 600 mW/cm 2 ) of the unit was checked using a dental radiometer (Model 100, Kerr) before preparation of specimens.
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8

Adhesive Application and Flowable Composite Placement

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Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) was applied to the dentin surface for 20 s, gently air thinned for 5 s, and then light cured for 10 s.
Next, Filtek Supreme Ultra Flowable (A2, 3M ESPE) was placed as a thin layer on the cavity using a disposable applicator brush and light cured for 20 s 24) . Then, they were wiped with an alcohol cotton swab to remove the low conversion layer on the resin-coated surface 1) . The tooth specimens were randomly divided into nine groups (five teeth per group) after subjecting them to the three temporary sealing materials and the three cleaning protocols (Table 2).
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9

Single-step Adhesive Curing Light Evaluation

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As presented in Table 1, the single-step self-etch adhesive systems used were: Scotchbond™ Universal Adhesive (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); Clearfil™ Tri-S Bond (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan); and G-Bond™ Plus (GC, Tokyo, Japan).
A visible-light curing unit (Optilux 501, Demetron Kerr, Danbury, CT, USA) was connected to a variablevoltage transformer (Type S-130-10, Yamabishi Electric, Tokyo, Japan). The light intensities used were 100, 200, 400, and 600 mW/cm 2 ; these values were determined using a dental curing radiometer (Model 100, Demetron Kerr). The curing unit was placed in a jig to maintain the distance between the light tip end and specimen surface (2 mm).
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10

Evaluation of New Flowable Composites

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The 4 new generation flowable composites used in this study were: (1) Beautifil Flow Plus X F03 (BF, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan), (2) Clearfil Majesty ES Flow Low (CM, Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan), (3) Estelite Universal Flow Medium Flow (EU, Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan), and (4) G-ænial Universal Injectable (GU, GC, Tokyo, Japan). A single conventional flowable composite developed 15 years ago, Unifil LoFlow Plus (UP, GC), and 1 bulk-fill flowable resin composite, Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable (FF, 3M Oral Care, St. Paul, MN, USA), were used for comparison. The flowable composites used in this study are indicated in Table 1.
In this study, each flowable composite was used with the adhesive recommended by the manufacturer. The 4 light-cure universal adhesives used in this study were: (1) Beautifil Bond Universal (Shofu) for BF, (2) Clearfil Universal Bond (Kuraray Noritake Dental) for CM, (3) G-Premio Bond (GC) for GU and UP, and (4) Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (3M Oral Care) for FF. A single chemical-cure universal adhesive was used: Tokuyama Universal Bond (Tokuyama Dental) for EU. The universal adhesive used in this study and manufactures instructions are indicated in Table 2 and Table 3.
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