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8 protocols using live dead fix blue

1

Cytokine Analysis of Activated T Cells

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Cells used for in vitro or in vivo cytokine analysis were stimulated with PMA (20 ng/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), Ionomycin (1 µg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), and Brefeldin A (2 µg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich) for 4 hr prior to flow staining (Lu et al., 2015 (link)). For intracellular staining, cells were fixed and permeabilized using the Mouse FOXP3 Buffer Set (BD) per the manufacturer’s protocol. The fluorophore-conjugated antibodies used in this study were as follows: Live/Dead Fix Blue (Invitrogen), CD3 PerCPCy5.5 (Biolegend), TCRb PE/Cy7 (Biolegend), CD4 PB (Biolegend), CD4 AF700 (Biolegend), CD8 BV650 (Biolegend), CD25 BV421 (Biolegend), FOXP3 AF488 (Biolegend), ROR gamma T PE (Invitrogen), TCF1 AF647 (Cell Signaling Technologies), TCF1 PE (Biolegend), IFNγ AF647 (Biolegend), IL17A FITC (Biolegend), and IL17A PE (ebioscience). Samples were analyzed using BD LSR II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (TreeStar).
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2

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lung T-cell Subsets

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Cells used for in vitro or in vivo cytokine analysis were stimulated with PMA (20ng/mL; Sigma Aldrich), Ionomycin (1μg/mL; Sigma Aldrich), and Brefeldin A (2μg/mL; Sigma Aldrich) for 4 hours prior to flow staining (W. Lu et al., 2015 (link)). For intracellular staining, cells were fixed and permeabilized using the Mouse FOXP3 Buffer Set (BD) per the manufacturer’s protocol. The fluorophore-conjugated antibodies used in this study were as follows: Live/Dead Fix Blue (Invitrogen), CD3 PerCPCy5.5 (Biolegend), TCRb PE/Cy7 (Biolegend), CD4 PB (Biolegend), CD4 AF700 (Biolegend), CD8 BV650 (Biolegend), CD25 BV421 (Biolegend), FOXP3 AF488 (Biolegend), ROR gamma T PE (Invitrogen), TCF1 AF647 (Cell Signaling Technologies), TCF1 PE (Biolegend), IFNγ AF647 (Biolegend), IL17A FITC (Biolegend), IL17A PE (ebioscience). Representative flow cytometric gating and quantification strategy for detection of lung Th1/Th17 and Tc1/Tc17 cell populations is shown in Supplementary Figure 3. Samples were analyzed using BD LSR II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (TreeStar).
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3

Characterization of Lung Macrophages

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Mouse lungs were dissociated into single-cell suspensions using enzymatic digestion with the Lung Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec 130-095-927) and a GentleMACS Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec) following the manufacturer’s protocol. One million cells per sample were incubated in Live/Dead Fix Blue (ThermoFisher L23105) for 20 minutes at 4°C and then washed and incubated with Fc Block (anti-mouse CD16/32) (BD Pharminogen 553142) for 10 minutes at room temperature and appropriate antibodies were added for 30 minutes at 4°C (Pacific Orange anti-CD45 (Invitrogen MCD4530), PE anti-F4/80 (BioLegend 123109), APC-eFluor780 anti-CD11b (Invitrogen 47-0112-82), PE-Cy7 anti CD11c (BioLegend 117317), and AlexaFluor647 anti-CD301 (BioLegend 145603)). Cells were then washed twice, fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde, and analyzed with the BD LSRII flow cytometer and FlowJo v10.7 software. For characterization of M1- and M2-polarized macrophage populations, CD45+F4/80highCD11bhigh populations were distinguished based on surface expression of CD11c (M1 marker) or CD301 (M2 marker)19 (link). Resident and recruited macrophage populations were defined as F4/80+CD11bCD11c+ and F4/80+CD11b+CD11c populations, respectively, as described previously20 (link).
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4

Characterization of Lung Macrophages

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Mouse lungs were dissociated into single-cell suspensions using enzymatic digestion with the Lung Dissociation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec 130-095-927) and a GentleMACS Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec) following the manufacturer’s protocol. One million cells per sample were incubated in Live/Dead Fix Blue (ThermoFisher L23105) for 20 minutes at 4°C and then washed and incubated with Fc Block (anti-mouse CD16/32) (BD Pharminogen 553142) for 10 minutes at room temperature and appropriate antibodies were added for 30 minutes at 4°C (Pacific Orange anti-CD45 (Invitrogen MCD4530), PE anti-F4/80 (BioLegend 123109), APC-eFluor780 anti-CD11b (Invitrogen 47-0112-82), PE-Cy7 anti CD11c (BioLegend 117317), and AlexaFluor647 anti-CD301 (BioLegend 145603)). Cells were then washed twice, fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde, and analyzed with the BD LSRII flow cytometer and FlowJo v10.7 software. For characterization of M1- and M2-polarized macrophage populations, CD45+F4/80highCD11bhigh populations were distinguished based on surface expression of CD11c (M1 marker) or CD301 (M2 marker)19 (link). Resident and recruited macrophage populations were defined as F4/80+CD11bCD11c+ and F4/80+CD11b+CD11c populations, respectively, as described previously20 (link).
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5

Comprehensive Lung Immune Cell Profiling

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Total lung cells isolated above were stained with Live/Dead Fix Blue (L34961, Thermofisher scientific, Waltham MA), CD45, CD3, CD4 (103122, 100222, 100412, Biolegend, San Diego, CA). Cells were separated into 3 groups, then permeabilized and fixed using Transcription Factor Buffer Set (562574, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), and stained individually for T-bet, GATA3 or RORγt (561265, 560074, 562607, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). For megakaryocyte staining, total lung cells were stained with Live/Dead Fix Blue and CD41, CXCR4 (133927, 146507, Biolegend, San Diego, CA), Dkk-1 (BAM1765, R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN) and PE-streptavidin (405203, Biolegend, San Diego, CA). Data were analyzed using FlowJo software (version 10.0.7; Treestar, Ashland, OR). See Figure S6.
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6

Lung Tissue Dissociation and Immune Cell Identification

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lung tissue was enzymatically digested/dissociated into single-cell suspension using mouse “Lung Dissociation Kit” and “gentleMACS Octo Dissociator with Heaters” both from Miltenyi Biotech Inc. as per the manufacturer’s instructions. In brief—lungs were washed twice with cold PBS, cut into small pieces, transferred to MACS ‘C Tube’ containing the enzyme mix. The tube then loaded on the gentleMACS instrument and run the lung-specific program. The dissociated cell suspension was passed through a 70-µm cell strainer and washed three times with cold PBS containing 1% FBS and 0.2% BSA.
Cells were washed three timed with protein-free PBS and stained with viability dye (Live/DEAD fix blue, Thermo Fisher Scientific) in the dark, cells were washed again and incubated with FcBlock (anti-mouse CD16/CD32) in FACS buffer, followed by staining with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies for Lung Panel (antibodies, clones, fluorochromes, and manufacturers were described in Supplementary Table 1). Fluorescence minus one controls were used to set the gates to select the positive population. Lung AΦs were identified as CD64+CD11chighCD11blo (or by CD11chighSiglec-Fhigh) and iΦs as CD64+CD11clowCD11bhi (Supplementary Fig. 4)2 (link).
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7

Murine Immune Cell Profiling Protocol

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The reagents were purchased as follows: red blood cell lysis buffer from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States); Percoll, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) from Fisher Scientific; fixation solution from Biolegend.
The following anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies were purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, United States): CD3 APC-Cy7 (17A2), CD4 Brilliant Violet 605 (GK1.5), CD8a PE-Cy7 (53-6.7), CD19 FITC (6D5), TCRγδ PE (GL3), and F4/80 Brilliant Violet 510 (BM8). The following anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Diego, CA, United States): CD11c APC-R700 (N418). The following anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, United States): Ly6B.2 Alexa Fluor 647 (7/4). The following anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific: Live/Dead Fix Blue (L23105).
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8

Multiparametric Analysis of Lung Cells

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Total lung cells isolated above were stained with Live/Dead Fix Blue (L34961, Thermofisher scientific, Waltham MA), F4/80, CD64, CD11b (123107, 139313, 101223, Biolegend, San Diego, CA), SigletF (740388, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), then permeabilized and fixed using Cytofix/Cytoperm Fixation/Permeablization Kit (554714, BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA), and stained for MMP12 (sc-390863 AF647, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX) (S4 Fig).
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