Lead 2 chloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Japan

Lead(II) chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PbCl2. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and various organic solvents. Lead(II) chloride is commonly used in various industrial and laboratory applications.

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Lead chloride (28 citations) Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) (4 citations)

22 protocols using lead 2 chloride

Synthesis and Characterization of Lead Halide Perovskites

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Cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃, 99%), lead(II)
chloride (PbCl₂, 98% trace metals basis),
lead(II) bromide (PbBr₂, 99.999% trace metal basis), lead(II)
iodide (PbI₂, 99.999% trace metal basis), ammonium thiocyanate
(ATCN, 97.5%), oleylamine (OLAM, 98%), oleic acid (OA, 90%), 1-octadecene
(ODE, 90%), and toluene (TOL, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received, without any further
purification.

Akkerman Q.A., Bladt E., Petralanda U., Dang Z., Sartori E., Baranov D., Abdelhady A.L., Infante I., Bals S, & Manna L. (2019). Fully Inorganic Ruddlesden–Popper Double Cl–I and Triple Cl–Br–I Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. Chemistry of Materials, 31(6), 2182-2190.

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Synthesis and Modification of Gold Gratings

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Acetic acid (reagent grade, ≥99%), diethyl ether (≥99.7%), 4-ethynylaniline (97.0%), p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (ACS reagent, ≥98.5%), mercaptosuccinic acid (≥99.0%), cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (reagent grade), copper(II) chloride (99%), cadmium chloride hydrate (99.995% trace metals basis), lead(II) chloride (99.999%), mercury(II) chloride (reagent grade, 99%), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (99.997%), zinc chloride (99.999%), chromium(II) chloride (95%), high-purity water (EMD MILLIPORE), and methanol (≥99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. Gold gratings were prepared according to a published procedure [29 (link)], as shown in Figure S1 (Supplementary Information), 4-ethynylbenzenediazonium tosylate (ADT-C≡CH) was prepared according to [42 (link)], and the modification procedure was conducted according to [43 (link)].

Guselnikova O., Svorcik V., Lyutakov O., Chehimi M.M, & Postnikov P.S. (2019). Preparation of Selective and Reproducible SERS Sensors of Hg2+ Ions via a Sunlight-Induced Thiol–Yne Reaction on Gold Gratings. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 19(9), 2110.

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Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication

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Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO, surface resistivity of 10 Ω/square), Methylammonium Iodide (MAI, 98%), Lead (II) Chloride (98%), N,N-Dimethylformamide, (DMF, Anhydrous 99.8%), 2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene, spiro-OMeTAD (99%), Chlorobenzene (Anhydrous 99.8%), Bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonamide lithium salt (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), 4-tert-Butylpyridine (96%), Acetonitrile (99.8%), Cuprous Iodide (CuI, 98%), Titanium di-isopropoxide bis (acetylacetonate) 75% (w/w), Ethanol (absolute, for HPLC, ≥99.8%) and poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oslo, Norway). 18NR-T Transparent Titania Paste was purchased from Great Cell Solar (Queanbeyan, Australia). All solvents were used without any further purification.

Uthayaraj S., Karunarathne D.G., Kumara G.R., Murugathas T., Rasalingam S., Rajapakse R.M., Ravirajan P, & Velauthapillai D. (2019). Powder Pressed Cuprous Iodide (CuI) as A Hole Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells. Materials, 12(13), 2037.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

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Gold(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl₄∙3H₂O, 99.9%), trisodium citrate, sodium borohydride (NaBH₄, 99%), hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC, 25 wt% solution in water), hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, 99%), potassium bromide (KBr, 99%), potassium iodide (KI, 99%), L-ascorbic acid (99%), lead(II) chloride (PbCl₂, 99.9%), and sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 2-Mercapto ethanol was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was used throughout whole experiments.

Park E.J, & Ha T.H. (2024). Pb2+ Ion Sensors Employing Gold Etching Process: Comparative Investigation on Au Nanorods and Au Nanotriangles. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 24(2), 497.

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Synthesis of Methylammonium Iodide Perovskite

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Methylammonium iodide (MAI) was synthesized using a methylamine solution (33 wt % in ethanol) and hydroiodic acid (57 wt % in water). First, methylamine was stirred using a dropwise addition of hydroiodic acid in an ice bath for 2 h. The solvent was evaporated by a rotary evaporator, and then the mixture was solvated in ethanol. After recrystallization with diethyl ether, the white solid was precipitated and then dried under a vacuum for 24 h. The perovskite solution was prepared with MAI and lead (II) chloride (99.999%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a 3:1 molar ratio, 45 wt %, in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF).

Yang H.Y., Rho W.Y., Lee S.K., Kim S.H, & Hahn Y.B. (2019). TiO2 Nanoparticles/Nanotubes for Efficient Light Harvesting in Perovskite Solar Cells. Nanomaterials, 9(3), 326.

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Synthesis of Metal-Chitosan Composites

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All chemicals are fine products. Lead (II) chloride (98%) and cadmium (II) chloride (anhydrous, 99.999%) salts (i.e., CdCl₂ and PbCl₂, for the synthetic solution), Chitosan (with 90.5% deacetylation degree), glutaraldehyde (50 wt.% in H₂O), and alginate were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich, (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (≥98.0%), sodium chloride (≥99.5%), and aluminum chloride anhydrous (99.999%) were purchased from Guangdong Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., (Guangzhou, China). A stock solution of 1000 ppm was prepared for each element and a freshly diluted solution was prepared by deionized water to the desired concentration of the experiment. All other reagents are the Prolabo products—Morillons, France.

Hamza M.F., Hamad N.A., Hamad D.M., Khalafalla M.S., Abdel-Rahman A.A., Zeid I.F., Wei Y., Hessien M.M., Fouda A, & Salem W.M. (2021). Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Biopolymer, Alginate-Chitosan Composite to Adsorb the Heavy Metals, Cd(II) and Pb(II) from Contaminated Effluents. Materials, 14(9), 2189.

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Colloidal Synthesis of Lead Halide Perovskites

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1-Octadecene (ODE, tech, 90%), oleic acid
(OA, tech, 90%), oleylamine (OLA, tech, 70%), lead(II) bromide (PbBr₂, 98%), lead(II) chloride (PbCl₂, 98%), lead(II)
iodide (PbI₂, 98%), cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃, 99%), dodecanethiol (DDT, 99.9%), sulfur powder (S, 99.99%),
and lead acetate trihydrate (Pb(OAc)₂·3H₂O, 99.99%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All reagents were
used as received without any further experimental purification.

Imran M., Peng L., Pianetti A., Pinchetti V., Ramade J., Zito J., Di Stasio F., Buha J., Toso S., Song J., Infante I., Bals S., Brovelli S, & Manna L. (2021). Halide Perovskite–Lead Chalcohalide Nanocrystal Heterostructures. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(3), 1435-1446.

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Synthesis of Perovskite Nanocrystals

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All the reagents were used without any purification. Cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃, 99.999% Kojundo), lead (II) bromide (PbBr₂, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich), lead (II) chloride (PbCl₂, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), manganese (II) bromide (MnBr₂, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl₂.4H₂O, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich), oleic acid (OA, 90%, Fluka), octylamine (OcA, 97%, Sigma-Aldrich), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich), n-hexane (99.8%, Junsei, Japan), n-octane (90%, Sigma-Aldrich), 1-octadecene (95%, Sigma-Aldrich), hydrochloric acid (37%, Sigma-Aldrich), and hydrobromic acid (48%, Sigma-Aldrich) were employed for the synthesis.

Arunkumar P., Cho H.B., Gil K.H., Unithrattil S., Kim Y.H, & Bin Im W. (2018). Probing molecule-like isolated octahedra via phase stabilization of zero-dimensional cesium lead halide nanocrystals. Nature Communications, 9, 4691.

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Synthesis of Graphene Oxide from Chitosan

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Low molecular weight chitosan (MW of 190 kDa and deacetylation degree of 75–85%), phosphorus pentoxide, potassium peroxydisulfate and lead(II) chloride 99.999% were acquired from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Graphite (natural powder), potassium permanganate (Lach–Ner, Neratovice, Czech Republic), glacial acetic acid (Chimreactiv, Bucharest, Romania), sulphuric acid 95%–97% and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrogen peroxide 35% and hydrochloric acid were from Silal Trading (Bucharest, Romania).

Croitoru A.M., Ficai A., Ficai D., Trusca R., Dolete G., Andronescu E, & Turculet S.C. (2020). Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Membranes as Adsorbents with Applications in Water Purification. Materials, 13(7), 1687.

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Synthesis of Colloidal Nanocrystals

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Lead acetate trihydrate (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), oleic acid (90%,
Sigma-Aldrich), 1-octadecene (90%, Sigma-Aldrich), selenium powder
(99.99%, Alfa Aesar), trioctylphosphine (90%, Sigma-Aldrich), diphenylphospine
(98%, Sigma-Aldrich), 1-butanol (99.8% anhydrous, Sigma-Aldrich),
methanol (99.8% anhydrous, Sigma-Aldrich), toluene (99.8% anhydrous,
Sigma-Aldrich), ethylene glycol (99.8%,anhydrous, Sigma-Aldrich),
acetonitrile (99.8%, anhydrous, Sigma-Aldrich), lithium perchlorate
(99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich), and lead(II) chloride (99.99%, Sigma-Aldrich).

Alimoradi Jazi M., Kulkarni A., Sinai S.B., Peters J.L., Geschiere E., Failla M., Delerue C., Houtepen A.J., Siebbeles L.D, & Vanmaekelbergh D. (2019). Room-Temperature Electron Transport in Self-Assembled Sheets of PbSe Nanocrystals with a Honeycomb Nanogeometry. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and Interfaces, 123(22), 14058-14066.

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