For the application of electric shocks (rectangular pulses of 1 ms duration with a frequency of 100 Hz for a period of 1 s) a DS5 Isolated Bipolar Constant Current Stimulator (Digitimer Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, UK) and adhesive MRI-compatible electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes (Ambu GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany) were used. First, electrodes were placed on the back of the participants’ left hand. Participants were reminded about receiving electric shocks and instructed to report the perceived intensity (felt nothing—not unpleasant—unpleasant—very unpleasant) at each time via a four-button response box (Current Designs Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA). Stimulation intensity was carefully increased in a logarithmic fashion until the participant indicated a pain intensity of at least “unpleasant” two times in a row. The corresponding stimulation intensity (1–20 mA) marked the stimulation threshold.
Ds5 isolated bipolar constant current stimulator
Manufactured by Digitimer
Sourced in United Kingdom
The DS5 Isolated Bipolar Constant Current Stimulator is a laboratory instrument designed to provide a controlled electrical current stimulus. It features isolated bipolar output, allowing for the delivery of constant current to experimental subjects or samples.
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3 protocols using ds5 isolated bipolar constant current stimulator
1
Determining Electric Shock Perception Threshold
2
Quantifying Sensations of Electrical Stimulation
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MFS of the volar forearm skin consisted of 12 trains of electrical pulses that were delivered over the duration of 2 minutes [14, (link)68] (link). Each train lasted for 1 second and consisted of 2ms pulses delivered at 42Hz. There was a 9s interval between each train of stimulation. The stimuli were delivered using a custom-built electrode [69, (link)70] (link) that consisted of a cathode with 16 blunt stainless-steel pins with a diameter of 0.2 mm protruding 1 mm from the base and placed in a circle with a diameter of 10 mm. The anode consisted of a surrounding stainless-steel ring with an inner diameter of 22 mm and an outer diameter of 40 mm (see Fig. 1c). The electrode was controlled via a DS5 Isolated Bipolar Constant Current Stimulator (Digitimer, Welwyn Garden City, UK). Participants were asked to rate the intensity and unpleasantness of each stimulus train.
Intensity was rated on a visually presented NRS from 0 to 100 where 0 represented no sensation at all, 50 marked the transition from non-painful to painful, and 100 represented the most intense pain imaginable. Unpleasantness was rated on an NRS from 0 to 100 where 0 represented not unpleasant at all and 100 represented the most unpleasant pain imaginable.
Intensity was rated on a visually presented NRS from 0 to 100 where 0 represented no sensation at all, 50 marked the transition from non-painful to painful, and 100 represented the most intense pain imaginable. Unpleasantness was rated on an NRS from 0 to 100 where 0 represented not unpleasant at all and 100 represented the most unpleasant pain imaginable.
3
Axonal Excitability Measurement Protocol
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The study is based on the consensus guidelines for measurements of axonal excitability (Kiernan et al., 2020 (link)). In brief, QTRACW software (© Institute of Neurology, London) was available on a laptop with a Windows operating system. The other components of the set-up were a DS5 isolated bipolar constant current stimulator (Digitimer Ltd; Welwyn Garden City, UK), National Instruments USB-6251-BNC data acquisition device (National Instruments, Hørsholm, DK), the HumBug 50 Hz noise eliminator (Digitimer Ltd.,), and a 2-channel isolated amplifier (D440-2, Digitimer Ltd.,) with a bandpass filter of 3 Hz – 3 kHz and a gain of 300. Stimulus current was applied using two non-polarizable self-adhesive electrodes (Ambu® BlueSensor QR), the cathode placed at the wrist at the site of lowest stimulation threshold and the anode is placed 10 cm proximal to the first stimulating electrode, ensuring the placement is not over the median nerve. The recordings were performed using surface electrodes (Ambu® BlueSensor NF) in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle with the active electrode over the motor point and a reference electrode placed at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. The distance between the recording and stimulation sites was between 60 and 70 mm. A ground electrode (Ambu® Neuroline Ground) was placed at the dorsum of the hand.
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