The MR examination for measuring lymphedema volume was conducted with the patient in the supine position. A single Siemens MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MRI scanner with two 18-channel body matrix coils (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) was used for MR volumetry. For LLL, anatomical T1-weighted images of bilateral lower legs were obtained using a coronal three-dimensional sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions (SPACE, Siemens) with the following parameters: repeat time/echo time, 500–622/11 ms; field of view, 40 cm; matrix size, 320 × 320; voxel size, 1.3 × 1.3 × 3.0 mm3; 60 contiguous slices without inter-slice gap. The volume of the lower extremities was calculated using the commercially available AZE Virtual Place software (AZE Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The detailed protocol for this procedure has been described in our previous publication [12 (link)].
Magnetom skyra 3t mri scanner
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany
The MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MRI scanner is a magnetic resonance imaging system designed and manufactured by Siemens. It operates at a magnetic field strength of 3 Tesla, which is used for medical imaging and diagnostics.
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7 protocols using magnetom skyra 3t mri scanner
1
MRI Volumetry for Lymphedema Assessment
2
Multimodal Brain Imaging Protocol for Neurosurgical Assessment
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The MRI protocol was performed in all patients within 20 ± 22 days (mean ± standard deviation) from surgery using a high-field Siemens MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MRI scanner equipped with a head–neck high-density (64 channels) array coil.
The MRI protocol included T1-weighted 3D Magnetization-Prepared Rapid Gradient-Echo Imaging sequence [MPRAGE, 176 continuous sagittal slices, 1-mm isotropic voxel, no slice gap, echo time (TE) = 2.98 ms, repetition time (TR) = 2,300 ms, Inversion Time (IT) = 900 ms, flip angle = 9°, acquisition matrix = 256 × 256, pixel bandwidth = 240 Hz, in-plane acceleration factor = 2, duration ~5 min] and T2-weighted 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence (SPACE, 176 sagittal acquisition slices, 1-mm isotropic voxel, no slice gap, TE = 428 ms, TR = 5,000 ms, IT = 1,800 ms, flip angle = 120°, acquisition matrix = 256 × 256, pixel bandwidth = 780 Hz, in-plane acceleration factor = 2, duration ~5 min). In patients, 3D T1-weighted MPRAGE images were also acquired after gadolinium administration (0.1 mmol/kg).
The MRI protocol included T1-weighted 3D Magnetization-Prepared Rapid Gradient-Echo Imaging sequence [MPRAGE, 176 continuous sagittal slices, 1-mm isotropic voxel, no slice gap, echo time (TE) = 2.98 ms, repetition time (TR) = 2,300 ms, Inversion Time (IT) = 900 ms, flip angle = 9°, acquisition matrix = 256 × 256, pixel bandwidth = 240 Hz, in-plane acceleration factor = 2, duration ~5 min] and T2-weighted 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence (SPACE, 176 sagittal acquisition slices, 1-mm isotropic voxel, no slice gap, TE = 428 ms, TR = 5,000 ms, IT = 1,800 ms, flip angle = 120°, acquisition matrix = 256 × 256, pixel bandwidth = 780 Hz, in-plane acceleration factor = 2, duration ~5 min). In patients, 3D T1-weighted MPRAGE images were also acquired after gadolinium administration (0.1 mmol/kg).
3
MRI Evaluation of Shoulder Tendinosis
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MRI examinations were performed bilaterally on the shoulders using the MAGNETOM Skyra 3-T MRI scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions) and consisted of a transverse, coronal, and sagittal fat-suppressed proton density–weighted sequence and a coronal T2-weighted sequence. The MRI scans were graded using a previously established protocol for estimation of tendinosis or tendinopathy in the supraspinatus tendon, ranging from grade 0 (normal) to grade 3 (marked tendinosis/tendinopathy).31 (link) A radiologist with >20 years of experience in musculoskeletal imaging (J.H.), who performed the MRI gradings, initially had access to the patient’s history, as this combined knowledge was important for potential exclusion of the patient from the trial based on imaging analyses and also for the patient’s further treatment. After determining eligibility of the patients, the images were regraded for analyses by the same radiologist, blinded to patient history, approximately 6 months later (mixed with MRI scans from the patients’ asymptomatic shoulder).
The time between MRI capturing and the remaining baseline tests and the time between MRI capturing and the remaining 12 weeks of follow-up tests were on average 4 days. During all MRI gradings or ratings, the radiologist was blinded toward SEL and conventional US findings.
The time between MRI capturing and the remaining baseline tests and the time between MRI capturing and the remaining 12 weeks of follow-up tests were on average 4 days. During all MRI gradings or ratings, the radiologist was blinded toward SEL and conventional US findings.
4
Cognitive Improvement Mechanisms in Aging
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At baseline and 18-month follow-up, brain MRI or CT will be performed by the scanner available at each site to detect any local lesion, such as cerebral infarction, that could greatly affect cognitive function. At the NCGG, three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted images, T2-weighted images, T2*-weighted images, 3D fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, diffusion-weighted images, and diffusion kurtosis images are to be acquired on a Siemens Magnetom Skyra 3T MRI scanner (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen Germany). To elucidate the mechanisms of cognitive improvement and deterioration during the intervention period, brain structural alterations, such as atrophy, cerebral small vessel disease and micro structural change in white matter and gray matter, are to be analyzed.
5
Mapping Population Receptive Fields Across Scanners
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Participants were scanned twice with a pRF mapping protocol. The first scan took place inside a MAGNETOM Avanto 1.5T MRI scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) at the Birkbeck/UCL Centre for NeuroImaging (BUCNI) in the Experimental Psychology department of University College London, United Kingdom (henceforth referred to as London site). The second scan took place several months later in a MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MRI scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) at the Centre for Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CAMRI) in the Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences of the University of Auckland, New Zealand (henceforth referred to as Auckland site). In both scans, participants were scanned with six runs for pRF mapping lasting 4 min 20 s each during which functional echo-planar images were acquired. Moreover, at both centres a structural T1 weighted brain image was acquired although the structural image from the second scan (at 3T) was not used in any further analysis. During the scans, participants were instructed to remain as still as possible and fixate continuously on a small dot in the centre of the screen. They were instructed to press a button whenever the fixation dot changed colour.
6
Functional MRI Protocol for Cognitive Assessment
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All MRI data were acquired using a Siemens MAGNETOM Skyra 3T MRI scanner (http://www.healthcare.siemens.co.uk ) with a 32‐ channel head coil at the Clinical Research and Imaging Centre (CRIC), University of Bristol, UK. T1‐weighted structural images were acquired in each scan session at 0.9 mm isotropic resolution (TR = 1800 ms, TE = 2.25 ms, TI = 800 ms, flip angle = 9°). A gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging (GRE‐EPI) sequence was used to acquire 336 volumes per scan run (36 transverse slices, 3 mm isotropic voxels, TR = 2500 ms, TE = 30 ms; flip angle = 90°); two runs were acquired each scanner visit.
Where possible, fixation was monitored in the scanner with an EyeLink 1000 eye tracker, although consistent recordings were only possible in three of the patients (3, 4, and 7). Note that Patient 4 who made saccades during the behavioural assessment did not make eye movements during the scan sessions and therefore has been included in the analyses. Fixation breaks occurred in <5% of the trials on average and there was no significant difference between fixation breaks pre‐ and post‐training (paired t‐test; t = 0.5; d.f. = 5; p > 0.05).
Where possible, fixation was monitored in the scanner with an EyeLink 1000 eye tracker, although consistent recordings were only possible in three of the patients (3, 4, and 7). Note that Patient 4 who made saccades during the behavioural assessment did not make eye movements during the scan sessions and therefore has been included in the analyses. Fixation breaks occurred in <5% of the trials on average and there was no significant difference between fixation breaks pre‐ and post‐training (paired t‐test; t = 0.5; d.f. = 5; p > 0.05).
7
Navigational Accuracy of CT and MRI Imaging
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All CT imaging in this study was acquired with a Somatom 64-slice CT scanner (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany), all MRI imaging with a Magnetom Skyra 3T MRI scanner (Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany). In order to compare the navigational accuracy of CT and MRI, we exported image stacks of both CT and MRI from 4 patients that had received both types of scans. For CT, we exported 4 scans of 2 mm slice thickness (3 sagittal, 1 axial). For MRI, we exported 4 T1-weighted scans with slice thickness ranging from 0.75 mm to 5 mm (3 sagittal, 1 axial).
To make CT scans viable for use in the nTMS system, we performed a series of preprocessing steps (removal of non-patient structures such as e.g., headrest, proper windowing, intensity rescaling) using the Aliza Medical Imaging and DICOM Viewer (Aliza 1.98.12, Copyright 2014–2020 Aliza Medical Imaging, Bonn, Germany), the details of which are available asSupplementary Material (Document S1) . The exported DICOM files were loaded into the nTMS system (Nexstim eXimia NBS system, version 4.0; Nexstim Plc., Helsinki, Finland) and used to create head models (Figure 1 A,B).
To make CT scans viable for use in the nTMS system, we performed a series of preprocessing steps (removal of non-patient structures such as e.g., headrest, proper windowing, intensity rescaling) using the Aliza Medical Imaging and DICOM Viewer (Aliza 1.98.12, Copyright 2014–2020 Aliza Medical Imaging, Bonn, Germany), the details of which are available as
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