Quattro s

Lithium phenyl‐2,4,6‐ trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) solution (0.25% w/v) was used for hydrogel crosslinking. Briefly, 0.05 g LAP was dissolved with 20 mL PBS at 45 °C. GelMA (EFL‐GM‐60, China) was dissolved to 10% (w/v) with LAP solution at 65 °C, followed by addition of 0.04 g mL⁻¹ nanoclay (hydrophilic bentonite, Sigma‐Aldrich 682 659, CAS Number:1302‐78‐9) for construction of nanoGel. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 2 h. The composited hydrogel was then crosslinked for 30 s using blue light. For reticular porous structure analysis, the hydrogels with different compositions were lyophilized and cut into pieces in a longitudinal direction. The specimens were sputter‐coated with gold in a vacuum for SEM examination (Quattro S, Thermo Fisher Scientific, US).

Clean Ti foils were soaked in dopamine hydrochloride solution (2 mg/ml) containing 10 mmol/L Tris buffer (20 ml, pH 8.5) and incubated for 24 h. PDA, PDA@SNP or PDA@SNP-OGP nanoparticles (0.3 mg) were subsequently immobilized on Ti substrate through the dopamine coating. The specimens were rinsed with deionized water and denoted as Ti-PDA, Ti-PDA@SNP or Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP. The morphology, surface chemistry, and water contact angles (WCA) of these substrates were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Quattro S, ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS, Empyrean, Netherlands) and contact angle goniometry (SDC-200S, Sindin, China), respectively. The cross-sectional image and thickness of the PDA@SNP-OGP coating on the Ti implant were observed by SEM. The coating adhesion strength was investigated using a scratch tester (CSM Instruments, Switzerland).

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurements were performed to observe the morphology of SLPN10.1 with Quattro S (Thermo Scientific). For the measurements, 3 μL sample was dried on a 300-grid copper mesh for 60 min prior to measurements.

The surfaces of the worn gears were examined using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Quattro S scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an Everhart–Thornley detector (ETD) and a circular backscatter detector (CBS). SEM images of the carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) gear surfaces were taken before and after the tests. The elemental composition of the worn CFRP surface was investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and elemental mapping was also carried out to investigate the distribution of elements on the surface.

Images of the aerogels were obtained using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (Quattro S, Thermo Fischer Scientific). The specimens were fixed onto a metal stub with conductive carbon tape and sputter-coated with 5 nm platinum layer by an ion-sputter coater (LEICA EM ACE600, Germany) and observed in HI-VAC mode under 5 kV acceleration and 30 µA probe current.
The estimated pore sizes and wall thicknesses were measured using ImageJ^® software.

The UV-Vis absorption spectra of the In₂O₃-NPs samples were measured using a double-beam spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 UV-Vis-NIR, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The FTIR spectra for both adsorbents before and after terbium adsorption were collected using a FTIR spectrometer (Vertex 70, Bruker, Germany); the spectra were recorded in a spectral range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹ with a spectral resolution of 3 cm⁻¹. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data were obtained using a Malvern Panalytical Empyrean 3 diffractometer to determine the phase composition and crystal structure of precursors and In₂O₃-NPs. The morphology and particle size of the samples were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Quattro S, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). An ICP-OES PlasmaQuant PQ 9000 Elite spectrometer (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany) was used to determine the initial and final concentrations of terbium in experimental solutions. Zeta potential results were determined on a Malvern zeta potential and particle size analyzer (Zeta sizer Ver. 7.12). They are presented as the mean of many repeated and automated scans (12 cycles). The raw data of measurements are given in Supplementary File S1.