Jsm 7610f sem

The morphology of biochar was observed by JSM-7610F SEM (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan). Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms were analyzed at 77 K using a Jingweigaobo JW-BK100C analyzer (Beijing, China), and the samples were degassed at 200 °C for 4 h before measurements. The absorbance of the aqueous mixture was analyzed using a UV-1800 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). FTIR spectra were performed on an IRPRestige-21 infrared spectrometer. Raman spectra were recorded using a renishaw inVia Raman spectrometer with an Ar laser (532 nm) as the excitation source. XPS were obtained from a ULVAC-PHI PHI5000 VersaprobeIII instrument (ULVAC-PHI, Chigasaki, Japan) with Al Kα radiation.

After testing, the specimens were removed from the solution, immersed in a 4% (w/w) glutaraldehyde solution for 3 h, sequentially dehydrated with alcohol for 10 min at various concentrations (25%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% (w/w)), and dried by nitrogen blowing. A SEM JSM-7610F (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to visualize the morphology of the corrosion products and SRP on the surface of the specimens. The elemental composition of the corrosion products was assessed by an Ultra Dry EDS Detector (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). In addition, the depth of the corrosion pits was measured by CLSM Lext OLS5000 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) after removing corrosion products. The corrosion product was gently scraped off the surface of the test piece with a razor blade. Element composition of the corrosion product was analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD, Rigaku D/max-3C, Tokyo, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation. The XRD spectra were collected at angles between 5° and 80° at a rate of 10°/min.

A facile hydrothermal process was used to synthesize Ag-CuO NPs. About 0.15 g of Cu(NO₃)₂.5H₂O was dissolved in 50 mL DI water and stirred for 10 min. Subsequently, 0.7 g of ethylene glycol and 0.1 g AgNO₃ were added to the solution and stirred until complete dissolution. Furthermore, a 5 M solution of NaOH was added slowly under constant vigorous stirring at 70 °C until a pH of 11 was achieved. The mixture was then ultrasonicated for 20 min, transferred to a Teflon autoclave, and oven-heated at 170 °C for 24 h. The precipitate obtained was washed several times in DI water and acetone to remove any impurities. The final filtered product was dried at 80 °C for 12 h and subsequently calcinated at 300 °C for 4 h to obtain the Ag-CuO NPs. The crystal structure of the synthesized nanoparticles was analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer D2 Phaser (Bruker, Berlin, Germany) with Cu-K_α radiation, wavelength 1.541 Å, and operating voltage 30 kV. The structure, shape, and size of the Ag-CuO NPs were studied under a scanning electron microscope, SEM JSM 7610F (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan), and its chemical composition was examined using an Energy Dispersive Spectrum (Oxford Instruments, Tokyo, Japan) connected to the scanning electron microscope.

Images of the top surfaces, as well as cross sections, of membranes were obtained using an SEM-JSM-7610F (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). To boost the conductivity and improve imaging, the membrane samples were dried for 24 h at ambient temperature before being coated with platinum.