Chitosan ch

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, Italy

Chitosan (CH) is a natural polysaccharide derived from the exoskeletons of crustaceans, such as shrimp and crab. It is a versatile material with a wide range of applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, biomedical, and food processing. Chitosan's core function is to serve as a functional ingredient due to its unique properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial activity.

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Chitosan (1697 citations) Low molecular weight chitosan (CH) (6 citations) Chitosan (CH) (>75% deacetylated), (2 citations)

23 protocols using chitosan ch

Extraction and Characterization of Marine Polysaccharides

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Ulvan (Ul), extracted from Ulva lactuca (molecular weight around 300 KDa) was kindly provided by Stemmaters, Portugal. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) sodium salt, extracted from bovine cartilage was provided by Carbosynth, UK. CS extracted from cat shark (Scyliorhinus canicula), CS extracted from blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) and CS extracted from rabbit fish (Chimaera monstrosa) at the Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC) [37 (link),38 (link),39 (link)] were also tested. Fucoidan (Fu) extracted from Fucus vesiculosus (92.7%) was provided by Marinova, Australia. Chitosan (CH) (low-molecular weight), glutaraldehyde (70% in water), acetic acid (≥99.7%) and sodium acetate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. Metal cation salts such as lead nitrate, cadmium nitrate, copper sulphate, sodium fluoride and ferrous sulphate were supplied by Merck, Germany. Hydrochloric acid (≥37%), anhydrous glycerol (≥99.5%) and aluminum sulphate hexadecahydrate were purchased from Fluka, Switzerland, while eriochrome cyanine R was purchased from Riedel-de Haen, Germany. Nitric acid (65%) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide were purchased from PanReac, Spain. Tetraethylorthosilicate (≥98%) was purchased from Acros Organics, Germany, and absolute ethanol was from Fischer Scientific, UK. Water used was of Milli-Q purity, Millipore, Massachusetts, EUA.

Santos P.R., Johny A., Silva C.Q., Azenha M.A., Vázquez J.A., Valcarcel J., Pereira C.M, & Silva A.F. (2022). Improved Metal Cation Optosensing Membranes through the Incorporation of Sulphated Polysaccharides. Molecules, 27(15), 5026.

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Recycled Pulp Characterization and Treatment

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CS was supplied by Cargill Incorporated,
Minneapolis, MN. The recycled pulp was supplied by Georgia Pacific,
Atlanta, GA. Chemicals of reagent grade utilized were sodium hypophosphate
(SHP), CAS registry number 123333-67-5, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), CAS
registry number 1310-73-2, DTPA, CAS no. 67-43-6, and acetic acid,
all of which were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Chitosan (Ch),
CAS no. 9012-76-4, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Deionized water
was used for all experiments.

Salam A., Lucia L, & Jameel H. (2018). Starch Derivatives that Contribute Significantly to the Bonding and Antibacterial Character of Recycled Fibers. ACS Omega, 3(5), 5260-5265.

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Surface Modification for Cell Adhesion

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All solutions were filter-sterilized (0.2 μm) prior to adsorptions in 24-well cell culture-treated polystyrene culture plates (Becton-Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ), and all procedures were carried out under sterile conditions. RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) polymer reagent (fibronectin-like protein polymer, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline containing calcium and magnesium (PBS⁺⁺, Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) and adsorbed at 25 μg per ml for 30 minutes at room temperature as previously (18 (link),26 ). Human plasma vitronectin (VN, EMD Biosciences, San Diego, CA) was dissolved in PBS⁺⁺ and adsorbed at 14 μg per ml for 30 minutes at 37°C (12 ). Chitosan (CH, Sigma-Aldrich, high purity MW 110,000–150,000) was initially dissolved as a 1% solution in 0.2M acetic acid (20 ) in cell culture grade endotoxin-screened distilled water (Invitrogen) and then further diluted in PBS⁺⁺ for adsorption at 25 μg per ml for 30 minutes at 37°C. Adsorptions were followed by two washes with sterile PBS⁺⁺. Carboxylated polystyrene (C, negatively charged, Becton-Dickinson PureCoat Carboxyl) and unmodified polystyrene (PS, Becton-Dickinson Non-Tissue Culture Treated) were not adsorbed.

McNally A.K, & Anderson J.M. (2014). PHENOTYPIC EXPRESSION IN HUMAN MONOCYTE-DERIVED INTERLEUKIN-4-INDUCED FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS AND MACROPHAGES IN VITRO: DEPENDENCE ON MATERIAL SURFACE PROPERTIES. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A, 103(4), 1380-1390.

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Bioactive Chitosan-PEO Nanofibers

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Chitosan (CH, medium molecular weight, Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) 3% w/v in aqueous acetic acid (AA, VWR, Darmstadt, Germany) solution and polyethylene oxide (PEO, Mw 900000, Sigma Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) 3% w/v in aqueous acetic acid (AA, VWR, Darmstadt, Germany) solution were mixed at ratio 90/10 and 95/5 and stirred for 48 h before the electrospinning process.
For the fabrication of CHIT_PEO_45S5, CHIT_PEO_BG10 and CHIT_PEO_BGZn composites, 20% wt of bioactive glasses (45S5, BGMS10 and BGMS_2Zn) with respect to the total polymeric amount was added and stirred 10 min before electrospinning.

Sergi R., Cannillo V., Boccaccini A.R, & Liverani L. (2020). A New Generation of Electrospun Fibers Containing Bioactive Glass Particles for Wound Healing. Materials, 13(24), 5651.

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Layer-by-Layer Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

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For the LbL assembly, chitosan (CH) as polycation and chondroitin sulfate (CS) as polyanion were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich (UK). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX; 98.0–102.0% HPLC, Apollo Scientific Ltd) and docetaxel (DTX, purity > 99.0%, Apollo Scientific Ltd) were the selected drugs incorporated in the LbL-functionalized nanoparticles. Both drugs were dissolved separately in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (≥99.7%) and phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) in a volume ratio 1:1, to achieve 10 mM and 600 μM, respectively, and then stored in a freezer set at −20 °C before further use. For the synthesis of the CQDs, chitin (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) was selected as starting biomass. Sodium chloride (NaCl) salt (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) was used and added to the ice bath in the pyrolysis set up to get the carbon dots. Deionized water was obtained throughout Milli-Q^® Water Purification System (IQ 7005, Merk, UK).

Desmond L., Margini S., Barchiesi E., Pontrelli G., Phan A.N, & Gentile P. (2024). Layer-by-layer assembly of nanotheranostic particles for simultaneous delivery of docetaxel and doxorubicin to target osteosarcoma. APL Bioengineering, 8(1), 016113.

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Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-Chitosan Composites

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The commercial zinc oxide (ZnO) sample (D_XRD = 0.22 μm) was supplied by Brasóxidos Indústria Química Ltda. (Sertãozinho-Mauá, SP, Brazil). Chitosan (CH) (75%–85% DA), sodium alginate (SA), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) (85% PA) and zinc acetate dehydrate (99% PA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetic acid (99.7% PA), sodium hydroxide (99% PA), hydrochloric acid (37% PA), hydrated potassium phosphate (P.A.) and sodium chloride were purchased from Vetec Química Ltd. (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil).

Barreto M.S., Andrade C.T., da Silva L.C., Cabral L.M., Flosi Paschoalin V.M, & Del Aguila E.M. (2017). In vitro physiological and antibacterial characterization of ZnO nanoparticle composites in simulated porcine gastric and enteric fluids. BMC Veterinary Research, 13, 181.

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Chitosan-Based Biomaterial Characterization

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Chitosan CH (75–85%
deacetylation, low molecular weight), Boc-glycine Boc-Gly-OH, Fmoc-glycine
Fmoc-Gly-OH, N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N′-ethyl-carbodiimide-hydrochloric (EDC hydrochloride),
and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (wetted with not less than 14 wt
% water, 97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Austria. Hydrochloric
acid (37%), sodium hydroxide, and ammonia (25%) were purchased from
VWR Chemicals. Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO (≥99%) was purchased
from Fluka Chemicals. Hydrogen peroxide (30%, for synthesis) and triethylamine,
TEA (≥99.5%, for synthesis), were purchased from Carl Roth,
Germany. Sulfuric acid S.G. 1.83 (>95%) was purchased from Fisher
Scientific, Austria. Silicon wafers with orientation ⟨100⟩,
resistivity 15.00 Ohm cm, and thickness of 508 μm were purchased
from Silchem, Freiburg, Germany. QCM-D gold-coated sensors QSX301
were purchased from Quantum Design Europe, Darmstadt, Germany.

Katan T., Kargl R., Mohan T., Steindorfer T., Mozetič M., Kovač J, & Stana Kleinschek K. (2022). Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis on Chitosan Thin Films. Biomacromolecules, 23(3), 731-742.

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Cyclosporine A and Chitosan Formulation

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Cyclosporine A (CsA) was provided by Novartis Pharmaceuticals (Sandimmun Neoral 50 mg soft gelatin capsules; Novartis, Bâle, Switzerland). Neoral^® is an oral formulation of CsA. Chitosan (CH) was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). UGT1A1 morpholino antisense oligonucleotides were obtained from Willow Fort Company, Birmingham, UK. All other reagents were of analytical grade.

Marghani B.H., El-Adl M., Ateya A.I., Othman B.H., Ghamry H.I., Shukry M., Soliman M.M, & Rizk M.A. (2022). The Potential Protective Effect and Underlying Mechanisms of Physiological Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia Mediated by UGT1A1 Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy in a Mouse Model of Cyclosporine A-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolites, 12(10), 999.

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Chitosan-based Nanoparticle Encapsulation

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Chitosan (CH) (viscosity grade 200–400 mPas, MW = 190–310 kDa), tripolyphosphate (TPP), Eudragit^® S100 (an enteric polymer), and FITC were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Dialysis semipermeable membrane (MWCO, 10–12 KDa) and trehalose dihydrate were bought from HiMedia, Mumbai, India. All other excipients, as well as solvents utilized in the experiment, were of analytical grade.

Sreeharsha N., Rajpoot K., Tekade M., Kalyane D., Nair A.B., Venugopala K.N, & Tekade R.K. (2020). Development of Metronidazole Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Using QbD Approach—A Novel and Potential Antibacterial Formulation. Pharmaceutics, 12(10), 920.

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Superabsorbent Polymer-Based Hydrogels

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Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) with a nominal weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 199,590 Da was purchased from Nature Works (Blair, NE) under the brand name Ingeo 2002D. The material was dried at 70 °C under vacuum for 12 h before use.
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 10,000 Da was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Milan, Italy) and used as received.
Cross-linked sodium polyacrylate, a superabsorbent polymer (SAP), was purchased from Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany) and had the brand name Produkt T 5066 F; its particle size was lower than 60 µM and its density was 0.7 g/cm³. It was dried at 60 °C under vacuum for 12 h before use.
Type A gelatin, G (pharmaceutical grade, 280 bloom, viscosity 4.30 mP, was kindly provided by Italgel (Cuneo, Italy). Poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, (PEGDGE) (molecular weight 526 Da) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Milan, Italy). Chitosan, (CH) (molecular weight between 50,000 and 190,000 Da and degree of deacetylation 75–85%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co (Milan, Italy). Ethylene diamine (EDA), ethanol, and acetic acid were provided by Fluka (Milan, Italy).
All materials were used without further purification.

Sartore L., Pasini C., Pandini S., Dey K., Ferrari M., Taboni S., Chan H.H., Townson J., Viswanathan S., Mathews S., Gilbert R.W., Irish J.C., Re F., Nicolai P, & Russo D. (2022). Hybrid Core-Shell Polymer Scaffold for Bone Tissue Regeneration. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(9), 4533.

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