Antioxidant detection kits

Hydrated and dehydrated tissues were collected at certain intervals and their fresh weights (FWs) were measured immediately. The DW was measured after drying for at least 48 h in a 65 °C oven. Water content (WC) was calculated using the formula WC = (FW − DW)/DW. At least five biological replicates were included for each time point.
Electrolyte leakage and MDA contents were examined to assess membrane stability, soluble sugars and proline contents were determined to evaluate cellular structure protection, and GSH, POD and SOD activities were determined to quantify antioxidant capacity (ROS elimination). Electrolyte leakage was measured using a DDBJ-350 electrical conductivity meter (INESA Scientific Instruments Co., Shanghai, China). The contents of MDA, soluble sugars, and proline, and the activities of GSH, POD, and SOD were measured using antioxidant detection kits (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China). Photosynthesis and respiration rates were detected using a LI-6400XT portable photosynthesis system (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA). Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using a IMAGING-PAM M-series chlorophyll fluorometer (Heinz Walz, Effeltrich, Germany).

Commercially available dried and powdered GSE obtained from Tarac Technologies (Nuriootpa, South Australia) contained 5.01% (+)-catechin, 4.78% (−)-epicatechin, 2.35% (−)-epigallocatechin, 14.1% dimeric proanthocyanidin, 11.60% trimeric proanthocyanidins, 7.69% tetrameric proanthocyanidins and 40.0% polymeric proanthocyanidins. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum, penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Invitrogen (Rockville, MD). Antioxidant detection kits were ordered from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China) and Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai China). Unless otherwise specified, all other chemicals were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).