200 cm tape measure

The data collection and quality control methods have been described (20 (link)). Waist circumference measurements were collected from participants using a Seca 200-cm tape measure. Body weight was measured by using a calibration scale. The standing height was measured with a tape measure. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated in kg/m². An Omron 705IT automatic digital blood pressure monitor was used to measure the sitting blood pressure two times at 1-min interval and then the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure readings were averaged. Serum fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides were measured using the Beckman Coulter AU5800 analyzer (21 (link)). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was measured using a direct Beckman assay. Participant race/ethnicity was assessed using self-reported information. Years of education were calculated based on the standardized International Standard Classification of Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (22 (link)). The Townsend deprivation index, an area-based proxy measure for socioeconomic status, was also derived for each participant (23 (link)). Smoking, alcohol intake status, multivitamin use, mineral supplement, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use status were all self-reported.

Measurements were recorded by a trained nurse for weight in kilograms using a bioelectrical impedance device ‘Tanita BC418MA’, and standing height in metres using a Seca 240 cm height measure. These were converted to body mass index (weight/height² ). Waist and hip circumference (cm) were taken at the same time using a Seca 200 cm tape measure, and converted to WHR values (waist/hip). Full details of the anthropometric assessment are available online⁵⁷ . In the present study’s analytic sample 53,065 men and 58,754 had BMI measures and 53,147 men and 58,809 women had WHR measures.