The CE was examined after CS exposure (i.e., 105 days), along with the CE of the age-matched Ct mice. The eyes were dilated using topical administration of tropicamide (1%) and phenylephrine (2.5%) solutions. The mice were anesthetized by subcutaneous injection of ketamine/xylazine (100 mg/kg body weight for ketamine and 16 mg/kg body weight for xylazine), and the CE was examined using a ConfoScan4 (Nidek Technologies, Aichi, Japan) as described previously.22 (link) The CE of both CS-exposed and Ct mice was examined using a ConfoScan4 scanning microscope, and CE imaging took 12 to 15 minutes per mouse, bilaterally. The pupils were dilated before imaging by applying eye drops (i.e., 1% tropicamide and 2.5% phenylephrine). Although, ConfoScan4 imaging of both CS-exposed and Ct mice was performed on two different days, mice in both groups were of the same age (i.e., postnatal day 105).
Confoscan 4
Manufactured by Nidek
Sourced in Japan, United States, Italy
The Confoscan 4 is a confocal microscope system designed for in-vivo evaluation of the cornea. It provides high-resolution images of the corneal layers, allowing for detailed assessment of corneal structures and pathologies.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Cirrus hd oct, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Female new zealand white rabbits, by Charles River Laboratories (1 mentions)
Tono pen xl, by Medtronic (1 mentions)
Viscotears, by Novartis (1 mentions)
Novesina, by Novartis (1 mentions)
Neurolucida software, by MBF Biosciences (1 mentions)
Genteal gel, by Novartis (1 mentions)
Asoct, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Slit lamp biomicroscopy, by Topcon (1 mentions)
Casia2, by Tomey (1 mentions)
22 protocols using confoscan 4
1
Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Corneal Epithelium
2
Multimodal Corneal Imaging in Canines
3
In vivo Corneal Microscopy Analysis
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In vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea was performed using the Confoscan 4 (Nidek technologies) considering an area of 440 × 330 mm approximately at the central cornea. Images were analyzed by the same masked investigator using the same personal computer and with the same lighting condition to avoid variations in the magnification or the contrast of the image observed. The following parameters were evaluated: activation of keratocytes, number of sub-basal plexus nerve fibers, tortuosity of these fibers, number of bead-like formations, and endothelial cellular density.
4
Corneal Imaging Using HD-OCT and Confocal Microscopy
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Using an HD-OCT device (Cirrus HD-OCT; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA), an
image of the cornea was obtained for each study eye. The machine was placed in
the 5-line anterior segment mode. With the participant sitting comfortably in
the headrest, the focus was advanced and centered on the cornea. Images were
acquired at the corneal vertex of each eye as the patient was asked to look at
the fixation light.
The Confoscan 4 (Nidek Technologies, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) was used to obtain
confocal microscopy images. A drop of topical anesthetic (proparacaine
hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.5%; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth,
TX, USA) was placed in the corneal transplant eye. The 40× contact lens method
was used to obtain images. Coupling saline gel was placed over the contact lens.
The patient was placed comfortably in the headrest and told to fixate on a
target. The lens was slowly advanced until the gel coupled with the central apex
of the corneal transplant. Once the gel was in contact, the brightest reflex was
obtained and images acquired as per Confoscan instruction. Images were uploaded
and reviewed. The process was repeated until a clear image was obtained. No more
than five attempts were made for the concern of patient discomfort.
image of the cornea was obtained for each study eye. The machine was placed in
the 5-line anterior segment mode. With the participant sitting comfortably in
the headrest, the focus was advanced and centered on the cornea. Images were
acquired at the corneal vertex of each eye as the patient was asked to look at
the fixation light.
The Confoscan 4 (Nidek Technologies, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA) was used to obtain
confocal microscopy images. A drop of topical anesthetic (proparacaine
hydrochloride ophthalmic solution 0.5%; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth,
TX, USA) was placed in the corneal transplant eye. The 40× contact lens method
was used to obtain images. Coupling saline gel was placed over the contact lens.
The patient was placed comfortably in the headrest and told to fixate on a
target. The lens was slowly advanced until the gel coupled with the central apex
of the corneal transplant. Once the gel was in contact, the brightest reflex was
obtained and images acquired as per Confoscan instruction. Images were uploaded
and reviewed. The process was repeated until a clear image was obtained. No more
than five attempts were made for the concern of patient discomfort.
5
Confocal Microscopy Examination of Cornea
6
Ophthalmic Examination in Rabbits
7
Corneal Characterization Protocol
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Slit lamp examination was performed prior to the instrumental examinations. Corneal curvature was measured with corneal topography (Antares, CSO®, Scandicci, Italy) and Average K readings were considered. The corneal horizontal diameter was determined on videokeratography images. Three measurements of the central corneal thickness (CCT) were performed with ultrasound pachymeter (Optikon 2000®, Italy), by the same observer after topical instillation of unpreserved 0.4% oxybuprocaine (Novesina; Novartis Farma, Origgio, Italy) and the mean value was calculated and expressed in microns. IVCM was performed using the slit scanning confocal microscope (Confoscan 4, Nidek Technologies®, Vigonza, Italy) after topical instillation of unpreserved 0.4% oxybuprocaine (Novesina; Novartis Farma, Origgio, Italy). The examination was performed using the 40 × contact objective, provided with Z-Ring probe to allow precise positioning of the lens over the central corneal area. An ophthalmic gel 0.2% carbomer (Viscotears; Novartis Farma, Italy) was used to improve the adhesion of the objective to the cornea. Complete scanning of the cornea was carried out three times for each eye.
8
Corneal Imaging Techniques in Animal Studies
9
Comprehensive Ophthalmological Assessment in FAP
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Each enrolled patient underwent a global evaluation, with an assessment of disease severity using different scales, including FAP stage, Neuropathy Impairment Score (NIS), and Kumamoto score.
All patients underwent a full ophthalmologic examination, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, as well as anterior segment slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect fundus ophthalmoscopy. Color fundus photos were taken with Eidon (Centervue, Fremont, CA, USA), while corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) was obtained with Confoscan 4 (Nidek, Gamagori, Japan).
All patients underwent a full ophthalmologic examination, including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements, as well as anterior segment slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect fundus ophthalmoscopy. Color fundus photos were taken with Eidon (Centervue, Fremont, CA, USA), while corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) was obtained with Confoscan 4 (Nidek, Gamagori, Japan).
10
Multimodal Assessment of Corneal Hydrogel
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The slit lamp was used weekly to observe the transparency, curvature integrity, inflammatory reaction, and other abnormalities of the experimental eyes. Fluorescein staining was applied to evaluate the epithelial defect area. Cross-sectional photographs of cornea were taken weekly using AS-OCT to further evaluate curvature, hydrogel degradation, and adhesive performance of the hydrogels on the stroma bed. Confocal microscopy (IVCM, Confoscan 4, Nidek, Japan) was employed to evaluate the deeper optical nerve, stromal layer, and endothelial layer at the injury site after eight weeks.
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