Spectrum 400 spectrometer

FTIR-ATR spectra were obtained with a Perkin Elmer SPECTRUM 400 spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA) using a ZnSe trapezoidal shaped ATR element. Sample spectrum and background were acquired with the coated ATR element and the clean ATR element, respectively. The spectra were acquired with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ and 16 scans. An FEI Nova NanoSEM 200 scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hillsboro, OR, USA), with an acceleration voltage of 15 kV, and secondary electron detector under vacuum, was used to characterize the morphology of the untreated and functionalized HNTs. The Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental analysis was performed using an INCA X-Sight (Abingdon, UK). XRD analysis was performed by an Empyrean PANalytical diffractometer (Boulder, CO, USA) with an X’Cellerator detector in a continuous mode scanning with a start angle of 30.000°, and end angle of 100.000°, a step size of 0.02, and time per step of 1 s. An X-ray tube copper wavelength (λ) of 1.5405 was used, at a voltage of 45 kV, and current of 40 mA. Decomposition temperatures of samples were determined by thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA) with a TA Instruments SDT Q600 (New Castle, DE, USA). All samples were heated al 10 °C/min from room temperature (25 °C) to 850 °C under 100 mL/min nitrogen purge.

The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy—Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) examination is a methodology of infrared spectroscopy that is frequently used to investigate and characterize carbohydrates found in seaweeds (among other chemicals) and is based on the procedure outlined by Pereira, Gheda and Ribeiro-Claro (2013) [30 (link)].
The dried polysaccharide samples from the previous polysaccharide extraction phases were powdered using a commercial mill and subjected to direct examination without further preparation for FTIR-ATR analysis. This technique requires only a dried milled (<1 mm) sample to be evaluated.
FTIR-ATR spectra were recorded on an Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 spectrometer (Waltham, MA, USA), with no need for sample preparation, since these assays only required dried samples [31 (link)]. All spectra are the average of two independent measurements from 650 to 1500 cm⁻¹ with 128 scans, each at a resolution of 2 cm⁻¹.

For the synthesis of the Fe–Pt NPs, a hemispherical heating mantle (model WiseTherm WHM 12112 from Witeg Labortechnik GmbH) connected to a temperature controller (J-KEM, model 310) with a J-type Teflon thermocouple was used. The samples were characterized using a (scanning) transmission electron microscope (TEM Jeol JEM-2010F) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Low-temperature magnetic measurements were performed on a Quantum Design MPMS-XL-5 SQUID magnetometer. With the thermogravimetric analyses (TG analyser NETZSCH STA 449 C/6/G Jupiter) the amount of organic matter in the sample was determined to be 30%. The magnetization values are reported for the mass of Fe–Pt in the sample after the subtraction of the organic content. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements were performed using a Spectrum 400 spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA). The spectra were recorded on dried samples in the wavenumber range 4000–650 cm⁻¹.

First, 10 g of dry
bentonite powder was put into the pressure chamber and compacted using
1000 psi for 30 min to prepare the bentonite wafer. Then, the bentonite
wafers were soaked in water and water–inhibitor solutions for
24 h. The wet bentonite was taken out of the solutions and dried in
an oven at 80 °C temperatures for approximately 16 h. After that,
the dried bentonite was crushed into fine powder by pestle and mortar.
The IR spectral of the powder bentonite modified with inhibitors was
measured by a PerkinElmer Spectrum 400 spectrometer. The experiment
was carried out at room temperature between 4000 and 400 cm^–1.

The metal contents of the complexes were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) at 25 ± 0.1°C using an Agilent 5110. The size and morphology of the complexes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using an FEI Tecnai G2 F20. The size distribution was determined by measuring at least 50 microspheres from TEM images followed by statistical treatment. The microstructures of the samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a SEU8010. The zeta potentials of the complexes were measured using a Zetasizer nano. Samples were mixed in absolute ethanol with a concentration of 0.1% (w/v) and immediately transferred into the quartz cuvette for determination. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were recorded in the range of 400–4,000 cm⁻¹ using a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 400 spectrometer. The powder samples were dried and ground with potassium bromide in a volume ratio of 1:100. The elemental composition and chemical status of the electrodes were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, EscaLab 250, Thermo Fisher Scientific) with a monochromatic Al Kα as the excitation source. The energy calibration was made against the C 1s peak. Thermogravimetric (TG) analyses were performed with a NETZSCH STA 449F3 at the heating rate of 10°C·min⁻¹ from 30 to 500°C in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere.

All chemicals are commercially available and used as received. The elemental analyses for C, H, and N were carried out on a Thermo Finnigan Flash EA 1112 (Thermo Scientific, Hudson, NH, USA). The infrared spectra were obtained on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 400 spectrometer with samples as KBr pellets in the region 4000–400 cm-1. The UV-vis spectra were obtained using a Shimadzu UV-vis-NIR 1600 spectrophotometer. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL FT-NMR lambda 400 MHz spectrometer. The solvent was DMSO-d₆. The chemical shifts were reported in ppm using the residual protonated solvent as the reference.