TFC was determined using a method being based on the interaction of flavonoids with AlCl3 (Merck Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany) that leads to the formation of a complex that can be determined via a UV/Vis spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) at 420 nm [54 (link)]. The TFC values are expressed as mg rutin (Cayman Chemical Co., MI, USA) equivalents (RE) per gram of suspension based on a calibration curve with rutin (10–100 µg/mL). In addition, results were expressed as relative extraction efficacy (%) and compared to the nonprocessed bulk material.
Rutin
Manufactured by Cayman Chemical
Sourced in United States
Rutin is a flavonoid compound that is used as a reference standard and quality control material in laboratories. It is a natural pigment found in various plants and has been studied for its potential antioxidant properties. Rutin is available in a purified form for use in research and analytical applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Quercetin, by Cayman Chemical (3 mentions)
Kaempferol, by Cayman Chemical (3 mentions)
Myricetin, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Alcl3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Uv vis spectrophotometer, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Collagen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Eosin isothiocyanate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fibrinogen, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Erp72, by Enzo Life Sciences (1 mentions)
Oxidized glutathione gssg, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Thapsigargin, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Alexa flour 488 conjugated phalloidin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fura 2 am, by Enzo Life Sciences (1 mentions)
U46619, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Anti actin, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions)
Piperlongumine, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Genistein, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dihydroethidium dhe, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
7 protocols using rutin
1
Total Flavonoid Content Determination
2
Platelet Activation Reagents and Standards
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Adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP), thrombin-6 receptor activating peptide (TRAP-6), and collagen were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri/MO, U.S.A). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was obtained from Tocris-Cookson. Antimycin A was obtained from Genetica y Tecnologia spa (GENYTEC, Chile). Standards for caffeic acid, myricetin, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, kuromanin chloride (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside), and myrtillin (delphinidin 3-O-glucoside) were from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). All used solvents were of HPLC quality and purchased from Burdick and Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA).
3
Synthesis and Characterization of HPW-RX40
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HPW-RX40 (2-Methoxy-4-[(E)-2-nitrovinyl]phenyl 2,3-dichlorobenzoate) was synthesized according the methods described previously [17] (link). Bovine α-thrombin was purchased from Biovision, (Mountain View, CA, USA). Collagen (Type I, equine tendon) was from Helena Laboratories (Beaumont, TX, USA). Fibrinogen, U46619 (9,11-dideoxy-9,11-methanoepoxy PGF2α), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), A23187, eosin isothiocyanate, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and phenyl arsenoxide (PAO) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alexa Flour 488-conjugated phalloidin, was obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Thapsigargin and rutin were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Human recombinant PDI, ERp72, and Fura-2/AM were purchased from Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA); Human recombinant ERp57 and anti-P47 Ab were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), and ERp5 was from ProSpec Protein Specialists (Rehovot, Israel). Anti-PDI Ab was from Pierce/Thermo (Rockford, IL, USA); anti-GRP78 Ab was from Genetex (Irvine, CA, USA); phospho-PKC substrate antibody and anti-CHOP Ab were from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA); anti-actin was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co.
4
Antioxidant and Apoptosis Analysis
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Sodium arsenite (Na2AsO2, CAS:7784-46-5), apocynin, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (DMPO), and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Both 5-(and -6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (DCFDA) and dihydroethidium (DHE) were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Curcumin, luteolin, genistein, and butein were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Shikonin, wogonin, plumbagin, bis(2-hydroxybenzal) acetone, phenethyl isothiocyanate, rutin, and piperlongumine were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Plasmid DNA encoding human catalase and SOD2 and catalase shRNA were purchased from Origene (Rockville, MD). Antibody against SOD2 was purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). Antibodies against catalase (#14097), AKT(#9272), pAKTSer473(#9271), PI3K(#4257), p-PI3K(#4228), C-PARP(#5625), C-Caspase-3(#9664), Bcl-2(#3498), and wortmannin were purchased from Cell Signaling Tech (Danvers, MA).
5
Quantifying Advanced Glycation Endproducts in Herbal Teas
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Herbal teas samples were purchased from a local market (Taipei, Taiwan). Glyoxal (40 % in aqueous solution), diacetyl (DA), quercetin and o-phenylenediamine were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Great Britain, UK). MethylGlyoxal (40 % in aqueous solution), sodium azide, BSA, glucose, sodium hydroxide, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, sodium bicarbonate and lanthionine (LAN) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aspalathin and 3-DG were purchased from Biosynth Carbosynth (St. Gallen, Switzerland). Glucosone, 3-deoxygalactosone (3-DGal), orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, isoquercetin and rutin were purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Nothofagin was purchased from Aobious (Gloucester, MA, USA). CML, CEL, MG-H1, G-H1, methylGlyoxal-lysine dimer (MOLD), Glyoxal-lysine dimer (GOLD) and furosine were purchased form Iris Biotech (Marktredwitz, Germany). Salts, sugar, canola oil, white flour and baking powder were purchased from a local supermarket (Taipei, Taiwan). All solvents used in this study are analytical or LC-MS grade and sourced from Sigma.
6
Herbal Compound Quantification by HPLC
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Ortho-phosphoric acid, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methnol, acetonitrile, and water were obtained from Merck Life Science Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. Reference standards, including asiatic acid, asiaticoside, and madecassoside of purity > 95%, were purchased from Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India. Madecassic acid was purchased from Chromadex, USA. Kaempferol, rutin, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin were obtained from Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
7
Analytical Standards for Phytochemical Quantification
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All solvents were obtained from Kanto Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan) in an analytical or HPLC grade. These include methanol, hydrochloric acid 6M (HCl), tertiary butyl hydroxyquinoline (TBHQ) solutions (prepare by dissolving 0.05 g TBHQ in methanol 62.5%), and 0.2% formic acid in distilled water. Purified water was produced in the laboratory using a water distillation system GS-590 device (Advantec, Tokyo, Japan). All pure standard solutions used in this work were prepared with methanol. The standard solutions used in this work are apigenin (purity ≥ 95.0%), myricetin (purity ≥ 96.0%), kaempferol (purity ≥ 97.0%), luteolin (purity ≥ 97.0%), rutin (purity ≥ 94.0%), and quercetin (purity ≥ 95.0%), which were obtained from Cayman Chemical (Ann, Arbor, MI, USA), whereas orientin (purity ≥ 97.0%) and hyperoside (purity ≥ 97.0%) were obtained from Toronto Research Chemical (Canada).
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