Insulatard

Manufactured by Novo Nordisk

Sourced in Denmark

Insulatard is a long-acting insulin product used for the treatment of diabetes. It is a sterile, white, aqueous suspension of crystalline insulin and insulin zinc suspension designed for subcutaneous administration.

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Lab products found in correlation

Accu check, by Roche (2 mentions) Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (1 mentions)

5 protocols using insulatard

Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Assays

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At 8 weeks, animals were fasted overnight, and an oral glucose load was administered at 2 g/kg body weight. Blood glucose levels were measured from the tail vein before and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after glucose administration. Glucose tolerance was evaluated by calculating the areas under the curve (AUCs).
The insulin tolerance test (ITT) was performed by injecting 1 U/kg human insulin (Insulatard; Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) after a 6-h fast 3 days before the end of the experiment. Blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after insulin injection. Glucose tolerance was evaluated by calculating the AUCs.

Wu R., Zhao D., An R., Wang Z., Li Y., Shi B, & Ni Q. (2019). Linggui Zhugan Formula Improves Glucose and Lipid Levels and Alters Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Induced Diabetic Mice. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 918.

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Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests

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Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed in 16 h- or 6 h-fasted mice. Animals received an intraperitoneal injection of glucose (1 g/kg b.w.) or insulin (0.5 U/kg b.w., Insulatard, Novo Nordisk). Blood glucose was monitored for 120 min using a glucometer (Accu-Check, Roche) on blood samples collected from the tail vein. Insulin and glucagon were quantified using Mouse Insulin or Glucagon Elisa kits (Mercodia).

Soty M., Penhoat A., Amigo-Correig M., Vinera J., Sardella A., Vullin-Bouilloux F., Zitoun C., Houberdon I, & Mithieux G. (2014). A gut–brain neural circuit controlled by intestinal gluconeogenesis is crucial in metabolic health. Molecular Metabolism, 4(2), 106-117.

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Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model

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Streptozotocin (STZ) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Fructose was obtained from El-Nasr Pharmaceutical chemicals Company, Egypt and the long-acting insulin (Insulatard) from Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark. Escitalopram oxalate (Cipralex) was purchased from H. Lundbeck A/S, Denmark. Escitalopram was freshly prepared in saline immediately before use and administered orally. All other chemicals and reagents, unless specified, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, United States.

Ahmed L.A., Shiha N.A, & Attia A.S. (2020). Escitalopram Ameliorates Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats via Modulation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Its Downstream Signaling Cascades. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 579206.

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Glucose and Insulin Tolerance Tests

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Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were carried out 2 and 3 weeks after the surgery, respectively. Animals were fasted for 16 (GTT) or 6 hrs (ITT) and then received an intraperitoneal injection of glucose (1 g/kg) or insulin (0.75 IU/kg for obese mice and 0.5 IU/kg for lean mice, Insulatard, Novo Nordisk). Blood glucose was monitored for 120 (GTT) or 90 min (ITT) using a glucometer (Accu-Check, Roche) From samples collected from the tip of the tail vein. Insulinemia was quantified using an ELISA kit (Mercodia).

Barataud A., Goncalves D., Vinera J., Zitoun C., Duchampt A., Gautier-Stein A, & Mithieux G. (2017). Absence of Role of Dietary Protein Sensing in the Metabolic Benefits of Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass in the Mouse. Scientific Reports, 7, 44856.

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Insulin Dosing for Stable Hyperglycemia in Rabbits

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Once stable hyperglycemia (constant hyperglycemic state without relapse) was confirmed, BGLs in the rabbits were measured twice a day using the same blood glucometer. If the BGL was higher than 350 mg/dL, long-acting insulin (Insulatard®, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark) was administered subcutaneously once or twice daily with an insulin pen. The dose was adjusted according to the BGL for the individual rabbit based on the following protocol previously reported by Wang et al. [13 (link)]:

(1)

BGL = 350–450 mg/dL received 1 U/kg

(2)

BGL = 450–550 mg/dL received 2 U/kg

(3)

BGL = 550–600 mg/dL received 3 U/kg

(4)

BGL >600 mg/dL received 4 U/kg

Bacevic M., Rompen E., Radermecker R., Drion P, & Lambert F. (2020). Practical considerations for reducing mortality rates in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Heliyon, 6(6), e04103.

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