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60 protocols using nis elements 3

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Liver and Placenta

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Liver and placenta tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. The tissues were serially sectioned into 4 μm sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. All sections were mounted onto a glass slide and observed under the light microscope and collected by NIS-Elements 3.2 (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Sections were examined by a qualified and blinded pathologist to evaluate the pathological changes.
Tissue sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated using ethanol and distilled water, and treated with 3% H2O2. Sections were then rinsed twice and incubated with goat serum to block non-specific antibody binding. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the primary antibodies for Cyp7a1 (Cat#bs-21430R, Bioss, 1:100), Cyp8b1 (Cat#bs-14165R, Bioss, 1:100), Cyp27a1 (Cat#bs-5049R, Bioss, 1:100), MRP2 (Cat#bs-1092R, Bioss, 1:100) and BSEP (Cat#bs-12440R, Bioss, 1:100). After washing, sections were incubated with the secondary antibody (PV-6001; Zhongshan, China) for 30 min. The sections were stained with DAB, dehydrated with ethanol and xylene, and then sealed. The slides were photographed using a digital microscope camera and collected by NIS-Elements 3.2 (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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2

Imaging Mitotic Apparatus Dynamics

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Cells were plated into 35-mm glass bottom dishes (14 mm, No. 1.5 coverglass; MatTek Corporation) and transfected with siRNAs. The medium was replaced at least 6 h before filming with L-15/10% FBS. Four-dimensional data sets were acquired with a spinning disc confocal system (Yokogawa) equipped with an electron multiplying charge-coupled device camera (iXonEM+; Andor) and a CSU-22 unit (Yokogawa) based on an inverted microscope (TE2000-U; Nikon). Two laser lines (488 and 561 nm) were used for near-simultaneous excitation of GFP and mRFP, and the system was driven by NIS Elements 3.0 software (Nikon). Time-lapse imaging of z stacks with 0.7-μm steps covering the entire volume of the mitotic apparatus were collected every 1–2 min (Supplementary Movies 1–6) or every 2 s (Supplementary Movies 7–9) with a plan-apochromat 1.40 NA × 60 immersion oil objective3 (link). Brightfield microscopy was performed on a Nikon Eclipse TE2000-U microscope driven by NIS Elements 3.0 software with × 63 or × 100 objectives. Time lapse was performed every 30 s, 1 or 2 min, depending on the type of experiment.
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3

Quantitative Analysis of Immunohistochemistry

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Fluorescent images were captured with a Photometric Coolsnap HQ camera using NIS Elements AR 2.3 Software (Nikon). Color images were obtained with a Nikon Eclipse E600 microscope using a Nikon Digital Dx1200me camera and ACT1 software (Universal Imaging Corporation). Pictures were analyzed using NIS Elements (Nikon). Quantification of immunohistochemistry was conducted using NIS Elements 3.2 software (Nikon Instruments). All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc.). Datasets were analyzed by Student’s t-test or ANOVA followed by Dunn post-test or Tukey’s MCT, and results were considered as significant at p < 0.05. Results are shown as mean ± SEM.
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4

Measuring Cytosolic Calcium Levels

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According to the protocols described previously [24 (link), 25 (link)], [Ca2+]cyt, defined as the ratio of fluorescence intensities of 340 to 380 nm wavelengths (F340/F380), was monitored using fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Invitrogen-Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and then imaged with NIS Elements 3.2 software (Nikon).
To determine whether the different amplitude of [Ca2+]cyt increase between MCT and control groups was caused by SOCE, 10 μM CPA was extracellularly applied, which is a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor that induces Ca2+ influx. The [Ca2+]cyt rise (ΔRatio) of MCT and control groups was then detected.
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5

Histological Analysis of Heart and Arteries

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After 20 weeks, samples were processed as previously described.38 (link) Frozen sections of heart ventricles and mesenteric arteries (10 μm) were obtained and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) or with Masson's trichrome reagent for measurement of collagen deposition. Microscopic visualization and photographs were obtained, and the measurements were performed by a blinded investigator using NIS‐Elements 3.2 software (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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6

Fluorescent Quantification of Nitric Oxide

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NO production was determined by fluorescence microscopy and 4‐amino‐5‐methylamino‐2′,7′‐difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF‐FM Diacetate) (Life Technologies, Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain) probe. After 3‐hrs treatment, DAF‐FM was added to culture media and incubated for 45 min. Media were then replaced, and cells were incubated for 15 additional minutes to ensure complete fluorescence probe deacetylation.
NO production was determined by measuring intensity fluorescence at 515 nm on an inverted fluorescence microscope (Eclipse Ti‐S; Nikon Co, Tokyo, Japan). Three randomly selected pictures per condition tested were taken, and fluorescence intensity measurements were recorded using NIS‐Elements 3.2 software (Nikon Co). Results are presented as the mean intensity fluorescence per power field subtracting the background and were relativized to non‐treated cells.
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7

Quantifying Oxidative Stress in NMVMs

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Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining was used to evaluate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in NMVMs. Briefly, cells were loaded with DHE (5 μmol/L) (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) in the dark for 30 min and then washed out. Images were taken under an inverted fluorescence microscope with the NIS-Elements 3.2 software (Nikon, Toyoko, Japan), and the mean fluorescence intensity was quantified. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) and in LV tissue were detected using kits purchased from Beyotime (Beijing, China). Plasma catecholamine (CAT) was measured using the mouse ELISA kit (JiangLai Bio, China).
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8

Microscopy Analysis of Malaria Oocyst Development

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The infected midgut oocysts were fixed in 4%/0.1% formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde and immersed in a 50:50 glycerol/water solution for Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) imaging. Using a Nikon Ti Eclipse inverted microscope, cut midgut sections were pre-screened for the presence of oocysts at 10× magnification using an automated tiling feature of the Nikon NIS Elements 3.2 software. Individual oocysts were imaged at high magnification using a 60 × NA 1.4 oil immersion objective with a matching DIC slider. Images were compiled using the National Institute of Health (USA) ImageJ program (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij).
Morphology of developing oocysts was examined by fixing dissected mosquito midguts in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS, and then in 0.5% OsO4, dehydration in an ethanol series, embedding in London Resin White, and semi-thin sections (400 nm) were mounted on glass slides and stained with 0.5% toluidine blue (w/v): 0.1% Na2CO3 (w/v) for 10 s, and then imaged on an Olympus BH-2 light microscope.
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9

Kidney Histopathological Assessment Protocol

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Kidneys were placed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 48 h at 4°C. The 4 μm sections were cut from paraffin-embedded samples and were stored at normal temperature. Sections were stained with HE, Masson (G1006, ServiceBio, Wuhan, China), and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS, G1281, Solarbio, Beijing, China). The details of HE staining were as follows: (1) the slices were routinely deparaffinized with xylene and washed with ethanol and water; (2) stained by hematoxylin for 5 min; (3) differentiated in hydrochloric acid ethanol solution for 30 s; (4) put it in eosin solution for 2 min and rinsed with running water; and (5) dehydrated and sealed. The severity of pathological changes of kidney was scaled from 0 to 3. The higher the score, the more severe the kidney damage. Masson's trichrome reagent was analyzed by NIS-Elements 3.2 software (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Then, we used microscope (DM3000, Leica, Germany) to capture and analyze image.
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10

Evaluating 3D Printed Channel Dimensions

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To assess the quality and accuracy of the 3D printing, a series of channels were printed with diameters ranging from 400μm-1.5mm in increments of 100μm. The channel dimensions were then measured using a Nikon AZ100 microscope with NIS Elements 3.2 software. The channels were printed using both FFF printing and SL printing. FFF printed channels were printed in both horizontal and vertical orientations. Horizontally printed channels were measured in two directions to assess both the width and height of the channels. 25μm, 50μm and 100μm layer thickness prints were assessed. The measured channel dimensions were compared to the original dimensions specified in the models created in Solidworks.
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