Carbopol 934

AzA was purchased from TCI Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India. TTO (Melaleuca alternifolia) was purchased from Allin Exporters, Noida, India. Phospholipipon 90G (PL-90G) was supplied ex gratis by Phospholipid GmbH, Germany. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl myristate (IPM), Tween 80, Carbopol 934, PEG 400, triethanolamine (TEA), acetonitrile (ACN), sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, and orthophosphoric acid were purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. Absolute ethanol was purchased from Changshu Hongsheng Fine Chemical Co. Ltd., Changshu, China. Nutrient broth, Agar, Brain heart infusion (BHI), Erythromycin, and Resazurin Dye were purchased from Himedia Labs Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, India. In the study, the commercial formulation of azelaic acid was Aziderm 10% w/w gel (Micro labs Ltd. Bangalore, India) procured from a local drug house. Ultrapure water prepared by Micropore™ assembly installed at Shoolini University, Solan, was used throughout the study.
The present investigation was conducted as per the guidelines of CPCSEA (Committee for controlling and supervising experiments on animals). The Institutional Animal Ethical Committee duly approved the experimental protocol of Shoolini University (IAEC/SU/09/18). Male Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats used in the current study were obtained from the central animal house of Shoolini University Solan (HP).

The Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. Pune, India supplied silymarin. Carbopol 934, methyl paraben and propyl paraben were purchased from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, India. Propylene glycol and triethanolamine were obtained from SRL Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Chennai, India.

Luteolin was purchased from Beijing Mesochem Technology Co. Pvt. Ltd. (Beijing, China). Phospholipid 90G was received as a gift sample from Lipoid GmbH, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Sodium cholate, methyl paraben, triethanolamine and tween 80 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA and Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India. Optimization of the formulation was performed using Design Expert software (Stat-Ease, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The cells were procured from the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. Carbopol 934 and disodium hydrogen phosphate were procured from Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai, India and Planet Science, Vadodra, India. The solvents methanol, chloroform, ethanol and water were used at analytical grade.

Tazarotene was bought from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany). Polyvinyl Alcohol was purchased from HiMedia labs (Mumbai). Carbopol 934 was obtained from Loba chemie (India). Ethyl cellulose was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Tween 80 was purchased from Riedel-De häen (Seelze-Hannover, Germany). Dichloromethane, ethanol, sodium hydroxide and HPLC solvents were of analytical grade and obtained from Merck (Germany).

Clindamycin HCl was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Polyvinyl Alcohol was obtained from HiMedia labs (Mumbai). Carbopol 934 was bought from Loba chemie (India). Ethyl cellulose was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Dichloromethane, Ethanol, Sodium hydroxide and HPLC solvents were of analytical grade and purchased from Merck (Germany).