Tin protoporphyrin 9

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), minimum essential medium alpha (α-MEM), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Welgene Bioscience (Daegu, Korea). Primary antibodies for iNOS, COX-2, HO-1, and EGFR rabbit polyclonal antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). The enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Western blotting detection system was obtained from Advansta Inc. (San Jose, CA, USA). The HPLC-grade acetonitrile and water were obtained from Honeywell-Burdick and Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). The TNF-α and IL-6 ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Lipopolysaccharide isolated from P. gingivalis (PG-LPS) was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). Alizarin Red S and tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) were obtained Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, chloroform, and MeOH were purchased from Daejung Chemicals and Metals CO. LTD. (Siheung, Korea).

Minimum Essential Medium-Alpha (α-MEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and trypsin-ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) culture reagents were purchased from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) was obtained from Amresco Inc (Cleveland, OH, USA). TNF-α, IL-6, and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits were purchased from R & D system (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Lipopolysaccharide isolated from P. gingivalis (PG-LPS) was purchased from Invivo Gen (San Diego, CA, USA). Mouse monoclonal antibodies iNOS and COX-2 secondary antibodies, anti-rabbit, anti mouse (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) for Western blot analysis. A Hybond ECL Nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Piscataway, NJ, USA) Western blotting detection system was purchased from Advansta Inc. (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Alizarin Red S and tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

All cell culture medium and serum were purchased from Invitrogen, whereas cell culture supplements were purchased from Sigma. Antibodies against XBP1 (sc-7160), HDAC3 (sc-136290) phospho-Akt (sc-7985R), Akt1 (sc-1619), Nrf2 (sc-722), mTOR (sc-1549), histone H3 (sc-10809), IRE1α (sc-20790), and GAPDH (sc-25778) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology; antibodies against FLAG (F2426, F1804, and F7425), HA (H6908) and tubulin (T8203) were from Sigma; antibody against HO-1 (ab13248) was purchased from Abcam. Antibodies against XBP1u and XBP1s were raised in rabbits with peptides CRSSQRSTQKDPVPY and DSGGIDSSDSESDIC, respectively, by GenScript Corp. All secondary antibodies were from DakoCytomation. Inhibitors LY294002, PD98059, SU5416, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and Tin protoporphyrin IX were purchased from Sigma. AZD2014 was purchased from Selleckchem. All inhibitors were dissolved in DMSO. All other chemicals were also from Sigma.