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Enoxaparin

Manufactured by Sandoz

Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) that is used as a laboratory reagent. It is a highly purified fraction of heparin and has a lower molecular weight compared to unfractionated heparin. Enoxaparin is used in research and testing applications as an anticoagulant.

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4 protocols using enoxaparin

1

Purification and Activity of Heparin Lyase II

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Heparin lyase II, originating from Flavobacterium heparinum, was expressed and purified in Escherichia coli (no EC assigned) in our laboratory as described previously. Pharmaceutical heparins were selected having various levels of anticoagulant activity (units of USP activity) from Celsus (Lot: PH-85314), Scientific Protein Laboratories (SPL2, Lot: 1037-3465 and BL4, Lot: 002-139), Hepar (BL2, Lot: 38988C), and Upjohn (BL6, Lot: BU3888B). LMWHs were from Sanofi-Aventis (Lovenox®, enoxaparin, Lot: 4LM92) Teva (enoxaparin, Lot: AB15027), and Sandoz (enoxaparin, Lot: 927791). The ion-pairing reagent tributylamine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). All other chemicals were of HPLC grade.
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2

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 13C-labeled Heparan Sulfate

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An enoxaparin reference standard was purchased from SANDOZ. 2-Aminoacridone (AMAC) and sodium cyanoborohydride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Three 13C-labeled 8-mer calibrants were synthesized using the chemoenzymatic synthesis method.10 (link) Recombinant heparan lyase I, II, and III were expressed in E. coli and purified by a Ni-agarose column. DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow resin was purchased from GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA). All reagents and chemicals were high-performance LC (HPLC) grade or LC-mass spectrum (MS) grade.
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3

Heparin and Enoxaparin Binding Assay

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Heparin was purchased from Celsus Laboratories (Cincinnati, OH). Enoxaparin from Sandoz was generously provided by Dr. Jawed Fareed in Loyala University Medical Center (Maywood, IL). AT and human PF4 were purchased from Hyphen BioMed (Neuville-sur-Oise, France). Streptavidin (SA) sensor chips and HBS-EP buffer were purchased from Cytiva.
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4

Anticoagulant Reagents and Enzyme Characterization

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UFH (MW ~12000–16000Da) was from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), fondaparinux (MW = 1728Da) from Apotex (Weston, FL), enoxaparin (MW ~5000Da) from Sandoz (Princeton, NJ) and dalteparin (MW ~5000Da) from Eisai (Woodcliff Lake, NJ). ODSH (Fryer, et al 1997 (link)) was a gift from J.A. Voynow (Virginia Commonwealth University). FV810QQ, an altered form of FVa in which the B-domain residues 811–1490 are absent and the thrombin cleavage sites at Arg709 and Arg1545 have been mutated to Gln (Bos and Camire 2012 (link)), was a gift from R.M. Camire (University of Pennsylvania). Human FXa and prothrombin were from Enzyme Research Laboratories (South Bend, IN). Thrombin, the thrombin inhibitor dansylarginine N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amine (DAPA) and corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI) were from Haematologic Technologies (Essex Junction, VT). Recombinant TFPIα was as described (Lockett and Mast 2002 (link)), and an inhibitory monoclonal antibody directed against the second Kunitz domain of TFPIα (anti-K2) was a gift from Novo Nordisk (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). TF (Dade Innovin) was from Siemens (Washington, DC). Thrombin and FXa chromogenic substrates (Spectrozyme TH and Spectrozyme FXa, respectively) were from Sekisui Diagnostics (Lexington, MA).
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