The reagents used were RNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and reagents (Invitrogen Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA), TUNEL antibody (Abcam Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA), Bax, Bcl-2, active caspase-3, collagen types I/III (Col I/III), CD147, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), β-actin and other antibodies (Abcam Inc.), bicinchoninic acid, and quantitative western blot reagent.
Finally, the instruments used were a VEVO2100 small animal ultrasound imaging system (VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, Canada), P3 Plus multi-channel polygraph (Ponemah Physiology Platform, Valley View, OH, USA), microscope (Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA), PCR instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA), low-speed centrifuge (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA), and Gel Doc XR+ imaging system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).