Sem regulus 8230

X-ray diffractometer (XRD) patterns were obtained to validate the phase purity and crystallinity of the powders on the XRD equipment (Rigaku Smartlab Beijing Co, Beijing, China). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the prepared catalysts, including energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) capabilities, were measured with an SEM Regulus 8230, Hitachi Co, Tokyo, Japan. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used by JEOL JEM-F200 (Tokyo, Japan). The absorption spectra of these powders were tested in a UV-vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer Lambda 35, Waltham, MA, USA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out with a ESCALAB 250, Thermo-VG Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA to analyze the components and the valence states. The specific surface areas of the samples were tested by Micromeritics ASAP 2460 Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET, Shanghai, China) equipment with N₂ as the carrier gas. The polarization electric field (P-E) loops and electric-field-induced strain (S-E) were tested in silicone oil at room temperature with 1 Hz frequency using a MultiFerroic II, Radiant technologies Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico. The sample powders were pressed in a pellet (1 cm diameter and 0.20 mm thick) with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) solution as a binder and then annealed at 600 °C to burn out the PVA binder. The pellets were coated on both sides with Au electrodes.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the effect of ultrasound on F. vesiculosus surface characteristics. Dried seaweed samples and pellets from the extraction conditions achieving high extraction yields (35 kHz, 50% ethanol, 30 min) and control (no ultrasound, 50% ethanol, 30 min) were collected and prepared as described by Garcia-Vaquero et al. [23 (link)]. The images were recorded using a SEM Regulus 8230 (Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

BioTe with its synthesizer A. pittii D120 was observed by using an SEM Regulus 8230 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Purified BioTe was analyzed by using an HR-TEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry JEM-F200 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The particle size of BioTe was measured by using a software image J according to images of HR-TEM. To analyze the crystal structure, BioTe solution was concentrated and dried to powder by using a vacuum freeze dryer Heto PowerDry LL3000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). BioTe powder was analyzed by using an XRD Empyrean S3 (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). The surface charge of purified BioTe was quantified by using Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK). For the zeta potential analysis, 500 μL BioTe solution was analyzed by using a Zetasizer Nano ZS. A He-Ne laser (633 nm) was used as the light source, the scattering angle was 90 degrees, and the temperature was 28 °C. The experiment was repeated three times.