Febuxostat feb

Potassium oxonate (PO, purity >97%, Cat#: 156124) and hypoxanthine (HX, purity >99%, Cat#: H9377) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Febuxostat (Feb, purity >98%, Cat#: S42697) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Allopurinol (AP, purity >98%, Cat#: 204337) was purchased from Hebei Bailing Weichao Fine Materials Co., Ltd. (Langfang, China). UA assay kits that used the enzymatic-colorimetric method (Cat#: C012-2-1), Cre assay kits that used the sarcosine oxidase method (Cat#: C011-2-1), and BUN assay kits that used the urease method (Cat#: C013-2-1) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). The BCA protein determination kit (Cat#: P0012) was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The following primary antibodies: rabbit anti-c-Jun pAb (Cat#: 24909-1-AP), rabbit anti-p-c-Jun pAb (Cat#: 28891-1-AP), rabbit anti-ABCG2 pAb (Cat#: 27286-1-AP), and anti-GAPDH pAb (Cat#: 10494-1-AP) were obtained from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Wuhan, China). Rabbit anti-XOD mAb (Cat#: ab109235), rabbit anti-IL-6 mAb (Cat#: ab233706), and the second antibody anti-rabbit IgG (Cat#: ab6721) were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, United States). All other reagents were at least of analytical grade.

Xanthine oxidase (XOD, EC 1.1.3.22) from cow milk (1 unit/mg protein), potassium oxonate (PO) and hypoXanthine (HX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). Xanthine was obtained from Dalian Meilun Biotech Co., Ltd. (Dalian, China). Allopurinol was obtained from Hebei Bailing Weichao Fine Materials Co., Ltd. (Langfang, China). Febuxostat (Feb) was bought from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). BBR and DHB (Figure 1) were obtained from Chengdu HerbPurity CO., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Assay kits for determination of SUA, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, XOD and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Biotechnology Institute (Nanjing, China). Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent commercial cytokine assay kits for murine TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 were purchased from Shanghai Chengshao Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mouse primers for ASC, caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, URAT1, GLUT9 and XOD were purchased from Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Antibodies against NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β, and caspase-1 were obtained from Affinity Biosciences (Cincinnati, OH, United States). Anti-URAT1. anti-GLUT9 and anti-GAPDH were purchased from Proteintech Group, Inc. (Wuhan, China), and anti-XOD was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, United States).