The patients were enrolled from February 26, 2020, to April 30, 2020. All enrolled patients were con rmed to have COVID-19 via real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA following the protocol outlined in a previous study [3, 21] .
All patients were treated with ritonavir orally, abidol orally, interferon nebulization, or chloroquine phosphate orally (Fig. 1). The clinical, laboratory, and radiological outcomes of all patients were recorded and certi ed by a trained group of doctors. The detailed records included primary safety data (allergic reactions, secondary infection and life-threatening adverse events) and primary e cacy data (the plasma level of CRP and oxygen saturation). The secondary e cacy outcomes mainly included the total white blood cell count, total lymphocyte count (assessed using a Hitachi 7600-020 automatic biochemical analyser), SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection (assessed by RT-PCR, DAAN GENE Co., Ltd, China), chest CT (assessed using a 320-slice spiral CT scanner, Aquilion One, Toshiba Medical System, Japan), respiratory rate, symptoms (especially fever and shortness of breath), and time of hospitalization. Immune factors were also detected in patient 6 (DxFLEX ow cytometry, BECKMAN, USA).
All patients were treated with ritonavir orally, abidol orally, interferon nebulization, or chloroquine phosphate orally (Fig. 1). The clinical, laboratory, and radiological outcomes of all patients were recorded and certi ed by a trained group of doctors. The detailed records included primary safety data (allergic reactions, secondary infection and life-threatening adverse events) and primary e cacy data (the plasma level of CRP and oxygen saturation). The secondary e cacy outcomes mainly included the total white blood cell count, total lymphocyte count (assessed using a Hitachi 7600-020 automatic biochemical analyser), SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection (assessed by RT-PCR, DAAN GENE Co., Ltd, China), chest CT (assessed using a 320-slice spiral CT scanner, Aquilion One, Toshiba Medical System, Japan), respiratory rate, symptoms (especially fever and shortness of breath), and time of hospitalization. Immune factors were also detected in patient 6 (DxFLEX ow cytometry, BECKMAN, USA).