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The comet assay was performed using the Comet Assay Kit (Abcam ab238544) as previously described^{41 (link),44 (link)}. In brief, mouse kidneys were removed and minced in a small amount of ice-cold PBS containing 20 mM EDTA. The supernatant was passed through a 35-μm cell strainer. After centrifugation, the pellet was suspended at 1 × 10⁵ cells/ml in ice-cold PBS. Samples were mixed with comet agarose at a 1/10 ratio (v/v) and then transferred onto glass slides covered with a comet agarose base layer. After incubating with pre-chilled lysis buffer, slides were subjected to electrophoresis. Electrophoresis was performed in Alkaline Electrophoresis Solution for the alkaline comet assay and TBE Electrophoresis Solution for the neutral comet assay. After electrophoresis, slides were incubated with Vista Green DNA dye. Images were obtained by epifluorescence microscopy (IX71; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) using the FITC filter. Ten pictures (5–15 cells per picture) were randomly taken, and the tail moment (tail length × tail % DNA/100) of 100 cells per group was calculated using Comet Score analysis software (TriTek Corp.).