RNA was extracted from whole cells with the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. RNA quality and integrity were determined with an Agilent Bioanalyzer gel with RNA integrity number score higher than 7. RNA-seq libraries were prepared from total RNA with the Kapa mRNA HyperPrep kit (Kapa Biosystems), and library size distributions were determined with the LabChip GX or Agilent Bioanalyzer. Sequencing was performed with Illumina NovaSeq using 100-bp paired-end sequencing RNA-seq at the Yale Center for Genome Analysis. A positive control (prepared bacteriophage PhiX library) provided by Illumina was spiked into every lane at a concentration of 0.3% to monitor sequencing quality in real time. Primary analysis, sample demultiplexing and alignment to the human genome, was performed using Illumina’s CASAVA 1.8.2 software suite. The reads were trimmed for quality using custom scripts. Minimum length accepted was 45 bases. The trimmed reads were then aligned to the mm10 reference genome using Gencode annotation, HISAT2 for alignment, and StringTie for transcript abundance estimation (38 (link), 39 (link)). The generated counts were processed with DESeq2 (40 (link)) in R to determine statistically significantly expressed genes (q < 0.05).