Comprehensive assessment of Parkinson's disease

After collecting a thorough medical history, all patients underwent a comprehensive neurological examination. The interview was conducted with the patients and with their family members present for precise data collection, inclusive of demographics as well as clinical and pharmacological data. The severity of PD was evaluated with MDS-UPDRS and H&Y scales. Patients were examined in both ‘OFF’ and ‘ON’ motor states—before and after taking an appropriate dose of Levodopa. The daily dosage of dopaminergic drugs was converted using the Levodopa Equivalent Dose (LED).
Patients were examined using a series of standardized neuropsychological diagnostics, assessing the general level of cognition and the individual cognitive domains. This includes memory, attention, language, visuospatial function, and executive function. The assessment was carried out in the “ON” motor state, with a composite battery of tests, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), clock drawing test (CDT), Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE III), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT). Behavioral assessment was made according to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Other causes of cognitive impairment were excluded based on the neuroimaging and diagnostic laboratory testing.