Individual tablets of TRUVADA (tenofovir/emtricitabine; Gilead Sciences) or raltegravir (Merck) were crushed into fine powder and manufactured as 5BXL by TestDiet based on previously published 26 (link); 27 (link). HIV-1 RNA was extracted from plasma (Viral RNA Mini Kit, Qiagen). RNA was reverse transcribed and quantitatively detected by real-time PCR using TaqMan® Fast Virus 1-Step PCR kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and QuantStudio 6 Flex PCR system (Applied Biosystems) (detection limit ≈400 copies/ml)23 (link); 28 (link).