The MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA) and transfected with red fluorescent protein (RFP), as described previously30 (link). Cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 25 IU/ml penicillin and streptomycin (Gibco, Life Technologies). For seeding into the ex vivo hepatic microphysiological system, cells were trypsinized, centrifuged and resuspended in hepatocyte maintenance medium (detailed below).