EMSA was carried out as previously described (Kim et al., 2014 (link)), with minor modifications. Briefly, the indicated amount of purified Chd4 protein was incubated with 5 nM of biotinylated RNAs in binding buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 5% glycerol) for 40 min at 25°C. Bound protein-RNA complexes were resolved on 5% native polyacrylamide mini gels at 70V and 4°C for 2 h. The complexes were transferred to an Amersham Hybond-N+ nylon membrane (RPN303B; GE Healthcare), UV-crosslinked, and visualized using a Chemiluminescent Nucleic Acid Detection Module kit (89880; Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s manual.